{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T01:12:04Z","timestamp":1759972324865,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS\u20102235578","BCS\u20102235657","BCS\u20102235665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS\u20102235578","BCS\u20102235657","BCS\u20102235665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tusks are ever\u2010growing teeth present in mammals of the clade Paenungulata. Unlike the perpetually growing incisors of rodents, tusks are not used in mastication, and in at least some paenungulatans, the tusk is composed of dentin alone in adults. Few studies have provided tissue\u2010level information on tusks of adult paenungulatans with embedding techniques that identify epithelial and other soft tissues. In order to examine the mineralized tissues as well as the cells that form teeth, we studied a single, subadult rock hyrax (<jats:italic>Procavia capensis<\/jats:italic>) using microCT and paraffin histology with traditional staining as well as RUNX2 immunohistochemistry, and compared its teeth to scans of adult hyraxes. Three\u2010dimensional reconstructions from microCT volumes revealed that the tusk of this specimen is the only fully erupted replacement tooth, the first adult premolar (P1) is starting to erupt, and the first permanent molar (M1) is fully erupted, whereas all other replacement teeth and M2 remain in crypts. The tusk has a thin layer of enamel on its dorsal side; this is confirmed by histology. All deciduous premolars still possess roots that are in the process of resorption. Amelogenesis has progressed to maturation or nearly so in P1\u2013P3. Notable histological characteristics of replacement premolars include the lack of a stellate reticulum in all except P4, and expression of RUNX2 in ameloblasts, a marker which is expressed by ameloblasts at all stages of amelogenesis. Since the pulp chambers of replacement premolars are relatively large compared to adults, a lengthy time in crypts may be important for dentin production. The results confirm that the hyrax has thin enamel on tusks, supporting the hypothesis that enamel is of limited importance for non\u2010feeding behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T04:05:54Z","timestamp":1735617954000},"page":"2863-2876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prolonged or perpetual growth of replacement teeth in the rock hyrax"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"308","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Slippery Rock University  Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bento Da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Downing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Duquesne University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bonar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Franklin Park Zoo  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M.","family":"Burrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Duquesne University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Prufrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Vinyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University  Athens Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie B.","family":"DeLeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis des Zahnsystems von Hyrax","volume":"5","author":"Adloff P.","year":"1903","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Morphologie und Anthropologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-6-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2017.1317638"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2006.00399.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345670460021201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02541858.1980.11447679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00662.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226696263.003.0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376478.ch45"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"639","volume-title":"The world of elephants: Rome, proceedings of the first international congress","author":"Kozawa Y.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2011.00895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Malocclusions in Guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits","volume":"43","author":"Legendre L. 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