{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:39:20Z","timestamp":1782815960906,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The oval window (OW) is an opening connecting the inner and middle ear. Its area has been shown to consistently scale with body mass (BM) in primates, and has been used alongside semi\u2010circular canal (SCC) size to differentiate <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic> and fossil hominins, including <jats:italic>Paranthropus robustus<\/jats:italic>. However, while the morphology of other inner ear elements, such as cochlea and SCCs, has been extensively studied in primates, OW shape has received little attention. In this study, we assess OW morphological variability in extant primates, and compare <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>robustus<\/jats:italic> to extant hominids. The potential of OW size to predict BM is also assessed. For this, measurements were performed on 3D scans from extant primate species and of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>robustus<\/jats:italic> from the sites of Kromdraai, Swartkrans, and Drimolen. Size was assessed using perimeter (OWP), area (OWA), and centroid size (OWCS). Shape was assessed using geometric morphometric methods. The OW has no sexual dimorphism; there is no size difference between juveniles and adults, but there is a slight shape difference between human juveniles and adults, with a seemingly opposite ontogenetic trajectory compared to other primates. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>robustus<\/jats:italic> has an intermediary OW shape between apes and humans, with more ape\u2010like specimens from Kromdraai and more human\u2010like ones from Drimolen. Overall, OW morphology discriminates primate species well enough, especially <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sapiens<\/jats:italic>. BM is well explained by OWA, but OWA is not reliable as a BM proxy due to high prediction errors. Nonetheless, the OWA of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>robustus<\/jats:italic> suggests a BM close to that of a chimpanzee.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T06:25:17Z","timestamp":1740032717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The morphology of the oval window in <i>Paranthropus robustus<\/i> compared to humans and other modern primates"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0783-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruy","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9ologie de Lyon\u2014Terre Plan\u00e8tes, Environnement, CNRS UMR 5276, ENS de Lyon  Lyon France"},{"name":"Centre for Anthropobiology &amp; Genomics of Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288 Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8483-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anthropobiology &amp; Genomics of Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288 Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier  Toulouse France"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1310060204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Ayres J. M. C.(1986).Uakaris and Amazonian flooded forest.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17863\/CAM.7138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02672-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Braga J.(1995).D\u00e9finition de certains caract\u00e8res discrets cr\u00e2niens chez Pongo Gorilla et Pan perspectives taxonomiques et phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tiques[PhD thesis]. Bordeaux 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2017.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18223-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103481"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96543-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade7165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/142377a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Swartkrans ape\u2010man, Paranthropus crassidnes","volume":"6","author":"Broom R.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Transvaal Museum Memoir"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Kromdraai: A birthplace of Paranthropus in the cradle of humankind","author":"Bruxelles L.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-019-09487-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330590206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29478-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1310030512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05401-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Kromdraai\u2014A birthplace of Paranthropus in the cradle of humankind","author":"Fourvel J.\u2010B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2018.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01493.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2024.108621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610926.2016.1146767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330530115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hothorn T. Zeileis A. Farebrother R. W. &Cummins C.(1999).lmtest: Testing linear regression models(p. 0.9\u201340) [Dataset].https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.lmtest","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.lmtest"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322639111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"Kosiorowski D. &Zawadzki Z.(2014).DepthProc an R package for robust exploration of multidimensional economic phenomena.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1408.4542"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2021.103000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3166\/bmsap-2018-0039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(2000)43:31 <117::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01319-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717873115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01431-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0427"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350210404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-019-02347-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(1998)107:27 <211::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605881113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.10520\/AJA00411752_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3354"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Topographical anatomy and morphometry of the temporal bone of the macaque","volume":"68","author":"Wysocki J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Morphologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12628"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","volume-title":"Geometric morphometrics for biologists: A primer","author":"Zelditch M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","volume-title":"Statistical shape and deformation analysis: Methods, implementation and applications","author":"Zheng G.","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.25644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T14:53:01Z","timestamp":1759416781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.25644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.25644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.25644","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ar.25644"}}