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Most adult caecilians are fossorial, although some species may live in aquatic or semi\u2010aquatic environments, either as larvae or adults. Caecilians exhibit numerous morphological features traditionally interpreted as adaptations to their specialized ecologies, such as a compact and well\u2010ossified skull and an elongated body lacking both girdles and limbs. Caecilian vertebrae differ substantially from those of other amphibians in having amphicoelous centra, well\u2010developed basapophyseal processes, pronounced posterosagittal processes and hypapophyseal keels, and low and flat neural arches. However, caecilian postcranial osteology has received little attention, and the vast majority of the species remain unstudied. Consequently, the variation in the vertebral morphology among caecilians is still unknown or poorly documented. Inconsistencies in the anatomical terminology used by different authors are potentially confusing and may hamper understanding of homologies. Here we present an overview of caecilian postcranial osteology, define the main structural features, including many not previously described, and propose a standardized nomenclature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T11:04:47Z","timestamp":1749726287000},"page":"674-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An overview of the postcranial osteology of caecilians (Gymnophiona, Lissamphibia)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo Ot\u00e1vio","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Vertebrados Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Herpetology The Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herpetology The Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussam","family":"Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Vertebrados Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.2114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06865"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Osteologia y notas miologicas en la cecilia neotropical Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Reinhardt and Lutken, 1861), con una diagnosis de la familia Typhlonectidae","volume":"66","author":"Azpelicueta M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Iheringia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(200004)244:1<57::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere","author":"Bolk L.","year":"1936"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801847806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051480304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie","author":"Estes R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/239228b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Sirenid salamanders and a gymnophionan amphibian from the Cretaceous of The Sudan","volume":"39","author":"Evans S. 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