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Here we investigate the morphology of Devonian actinopterygians, focusing on the lower jaw. We use X\u2010ray computed tomography (XCT) to provide comprehensive descriptions of the mandibles of 19 species, which span the whole of the Devonian and represent roughly two\u2010thirds of all taxa known from more than isolated or fragmentary material. Our findings corroborate previous reports in part but reveal considerable new anatomical data and represent the first detailed description for roughly half of these taxa. The mandibles display substantial variation in size, spanning more than an order of magnitude. Although most conform to a generalized pattern of a large dentary and one or two smaller infradentaries, XCT data reveal significant differences in the structure of the jaw and arrangement of teeth that may be of functional relevance. We report the presence of a rudimentary coronoid process in several taxa, contributed to by the dentary and\/or infradentaries, as well a raised articular region, resulting in a mandible with an offset bite and that functions as a bent level arm. Among the most striking variation is that of tooth morphology: several taxa have heterodont dentary teeth that vary in size and orientation, and multiple variations on enlarged, whorl\u2010like and posteriorly\u2010oriented anterior coronoid dentition are observed. We use these new data to revise morphological characters that may be of phylogenetic significance and consider the possible functional implicationds of these traits. The observed variation in mandible form and structure suggests previously unappreciated functional diversity among otherwise morphologically homogenous Devonian ray\u2010finned fishes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T06:55:54Z","timestamp":1753167354000},"page":"550-602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The lower jaw of Devonian ray\u2010finned fishes (\n                    <i>Actinopterygii<\/i>\n                    ): Anatomy, relationships, and functional morphology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Ben","family":"Igielman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Tinoco","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismal Biology &amp; Anatomy University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Troyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Dollman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojg.2014.412048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05233-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300001309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"374","volume-title":"Devonian fishes and plants of Miguasha, Quebec","author":"Arratia G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1939.tb00713.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlad011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3140\/bull.geosci.1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755691011011029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2015.952817"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2008.00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"703","volume-title":"Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates","author":"Cloutier R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12549-011-0058-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755691018000403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30091-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"An early actinopterygian fish from the Catskill formation (late Devonian, Famennian) in Pennsylvania, USA","volume":"150","author":"Daeschler E. 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