{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:52:48Z","timestamp":1777953168448,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001003","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012429","name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Veterinary Translational Science Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Veterinary Translational Science Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012429","name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteoderms are bones that form in the dermis of several species, but their development and function are not well understood. Comparing cellular and molecular events that initiate and drive pathologies similarly characterized by ossification of soft tissues (heterotopic ossification) may provide insight into how osteoderms develop. It is thought that the origin of some heterotopic ossification lesions is mediated through mechanotransduction, or the conversion of mechanical forces on the extracellular matrix (ECM) to biochemical signals that initiate bone formation. Discrete osteoderm developmental stages in alligators were previously established based on morphology; however, questions remain regarding the type of collagen, the identity of cell precursors, and factors that initiate their development. In this study, we investigated changes in the ECM in different stages of osteoderm development. We found that in dorsal cervical scales, an organized reticulin fiber scaffold precedes bone formation, and that before and during ossification, collagen fibers are under tension in specific planes of the body. These tensed collagen fibers correspond to attachments of the superficial and deep cervical fasciae and the tendons of some muscles of the jaws, neck, and shoulders. Osteoderms are therefore exoskeletal elements that likely distribute mechanical forces to the skin during normal body movements, and we hypothesize that these mechanical forces play a role in stimulating ossification at these sites via mechanotransduction. This developmental mechanism may be comparable to the development of some trauma\u2010induced heterotopic ossification lesions that are similarly initiated by mechanotransduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T07:25:44Z","timestamp":1751700344000},"page":"1530-1548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanical stress may initiate osteoderm development in the American alligator (\n                    <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-1881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke H.","family":"Dubansky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Raney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Public Health, and Nutrition Science Tarleton State University  Stephenville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stevie","family":"Bordelon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peyton","family":"Cagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Dubansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of New Orleans  New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-00110-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Dubansky B. H.(2012).The functional morphology of the intermandibulo\u2010cervical envelope of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). LSU Doctoral Dissertations 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01478885.2018.1517856"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23682"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.13224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01003791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Das Tragsystem der Krokodile: Eine biomechanische und phylogenetische Analyse","volume":"426","author":"Frey E.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stuttgarter Beitr\u00e4ge Zur Naturkunde A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"Forelimb myology of armadillos (Xenarthra: Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae): Anatomical correlates with fossorial ability","volume":"238","author":"Marshall, S. 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