{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:57:28Z","timestamp":1770839848311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of the variation in the bony structures of the inner and middle ear provides critical insights into functional morphology, as well as adaptive morphology across primates. In this study, we investigated whether ear morphology patterns are related to the ecological characteristics of species and their habitats to test two acoustic hypotheses: the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis (AAH), originally proposed for vocalizations, and the Sensory Drive (SD) hypothesis (i.e., environment\u2010driven signal evolution) across the entire order Primates. This study examines the morphological variation of the middle and inner ear in 201 specimens representing 57 primate species, at a macroevolutionary scale. We analyzed four morphological variables indicative of auditory function, alongside five ecological traits and habitat composition derived from 19 climatic categories. Our results reveal at least three distinct morpho\u2010acoustic patterns associated with different middle ear impedance mechanisms. We also found a signal of covariation between ear morphology and ecological traits in one of the identified morpho\u2010acoustic groups that includes Platyrrhines and Strepsirrhines and are known to experience high levels of interspecific competition and ecological constraints. While some associations with climatic habitat did not reach statistical significance, their near\u2010threshold p\u2010values suggest potentially meaningful trends that deserve further investigation with expanded datasets or alternative ecological descriptors. These findings suggest that while the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis (AAH) may offer a useful framework for understanding certain aspects of primate auditory evolution, it does not fully account for the observed variation in morpho\u2010acoustic specializations. In contrast, the Sensory Drive framework, particularly when incorporating the role of interspecific competition, may provide a more comprehensive explanation for the coupling between sensory morphology and ecological traits. This study highlights the different evolutionary drivers of the studied auditory structures, therefore shaping nonhuman primate bioacoustics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T02:43:52Z","timestamp":1754102632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Are there morpho\u2010acoustic patterns of adaptation in nonhuman primate ears? Testing the role of ecology and habitat in shaping ear morphology and function"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9990-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myriam","family":"Marsot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPHE\u2010PSL University  Paris France"},{"name":"Biog\u00e9osciences, UMR CNRS 6282 Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe  Dijon France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversit\u00e9 et l'Environnement (CRBE) UMR5300, CNRS, IRD Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Toulouse Cedex France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3567-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Laffont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biog\u00e9osciences, UMR CNRS 6282 Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe  Dijon France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9656-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9milie","family":"Steimetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biog\u00e9osciences, UMR CNRS 6282 Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe  Dijon France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Balaresque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversit\u00e9 et l'Environnement (CRBE) UMR5300, CNRS, IRD Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Toulouse Cedex France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5301-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Couette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPHE\u2010PSL University  Paris France"},{"name":"Biog\u00e9osciences, UMR CNRS 6282 Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe  Dijon France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Adams D. Collyer M. Kaliontzopoulou A. &Baken E.(2025).Geomorph: Software for geometric morphometric analyses. R package version 4.0.10.https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=geomorph"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39535-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2992450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2006.01207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Boyer D. M. Kaufman S. Gunnell G. F. Gomes E. &Thostenson J. O.(2014).MorphoSource: A currently active project\u2010based 3D digital web\u2010accessible data archive for museums and individuals at Duke University USA. Digital specimen abstracts of presentations."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127780"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80096-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(84)80325-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59478-1_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360010308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195326598.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10768-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12739"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"The functional morphology and evolution of the primate auditory system","author":"Coleman M. N.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-008-9330-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13515"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoy043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0929"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-019-09490-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29478-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083684"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2009.9753613"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2009.01638.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2700-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350370303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3647-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Primate adaptation and evolution","author":"Fleagle J. G.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820584-6.00020-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","volume-title":"Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear","author":"Fleischer G.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0059-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11000-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"GBIF.org. (2024).GBIF Home Page.https:\/\/www.gbif.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-998239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23692"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"An abbreviated history of the ear: From renaissance to present","volume":"76","author":"Hachmeister J. E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2020.1858448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00031-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Howler monkeys: Adaptive radiation, systematics, and morphology","author":"Hernandez L.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"IUCN. (2024).The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2024\u20102.https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","volume-title":"Primate life histories and socioecology","author":"Kappeler P. M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00359194009520019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836902000791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Basicranial structures and primate systematics","volume":"1","author":"MacPhee R. D. E.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comparative Primate Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206139109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.0847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","volume-title":"Handbook of the mammals of the world. 3. Primates","author":"Mittermeier R. A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","unstructured":"Myers P. Espinosa R. Parr C. S. Jones T. Hammond G. S. &Dewey T. A.(2025).The animal diversity web (online).https:\/\/animaldiversity.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1977.tb00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00030-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59478-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2010.01520.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119179313.wbprim0124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59478-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2347233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106351500750049806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2121-7_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-021-03028-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704250104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853906778623617"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2166-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2006.264.01.09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","unstructured":"van denBoogaart K. G. Tolosana\u2010Delgado R. &Bren M.(2024).Compositions: compositional data analysis (version 2.0\u20108) [computer software].https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/compositions\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06324-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2406368"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350100205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1997.10011027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9930-9_9"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T14:55:53Z","timestamp":1759416953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70030","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ar.70030"}}