{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:36:35Z","timestamp":1788287795271,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A subadult\n                    <jats:italic>Moschognathus whaitsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, was scanned using synchrotron radiation X\u2010ray computed tomography (SRXCT). Its subadult state allowed the cranial bones and teeth to be identified and individually reconstructed in 3D. A complete description of every preserved cranial bone is here produced, with special attention given to the braincase. An evaluation of a frontal abscess has provided insight into the potential behavior of\n                    <jats:italic>Moschognathus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , regarding the long\u2010standing hypothesis of dinocephalian headbutting. The first 3D description of tapinocephalian dentition shows the unique talon\u2010and\u2010heel tooth morphology and expands our understanding of the replacement patterns in the dentition of basal therapsids. We report evidence of at least three successive replacement generations developing in the incisiform dentition of\n                    <jats:italic>M. whaitsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    simultaneously. The arrangement of these successive generations of replacement incisiform teeth is reminiscent of the complex dental batteries described in sauropod dinosaurs. Furthermore, an alternating pattern of replacement is apparent and suggests that the upper and lower rows of functional teeth were comprised of at least two tooth generations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T06:35:50Z","timestamp":1757399750000},"page":"1713-1748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Description of the skull, braincase, and dentition of\n                    <i>Moschognathus whaitsi<\/i>\n                    (Dinocephalia, Tapinocephalia), and its palaeobiological and behavioral implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3611-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristen","family":"Lafferty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Geosciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9434-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke A.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7184-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali\u00e9nor","family":"Duhamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5378-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2013.775140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2021.35.S1.03638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-022-02427-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300002542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Feeding mechanisms of Diplodocus","volume":"10","author":"Barrett P. M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gaia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.699298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000481525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4202\/app.00800.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26879\/1377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2022.104689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Agnosaurus gen. nov.; \u2018n Nuwe geslag van die deinocephali\u00ebrs","volume":"12","author":"Boonstra L. D.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Tydskrif Vir Wetenskap en Kuns"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"A suggested clarification of the taxonomic status of the south African titanosuchians","volume":"42","author":"Boonstra L. D.","year":"1953","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"The dentition of the titanosuchian dinocephalians","volume":"46","author":"Boonstra L. D.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"The braincase, basicranial axis and median septum in the Dinocephalia","volume":"50","author":"Boonstra L. D.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The fauna of the Tapinocephalus zone (Beaufort beds of the Karoo)","volume":"56","author":"Boonstra L. D.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annals of the South African Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Struthiocephalus kitchingi sp. nov","volume":"5","author":"Brink A. S.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Palaeontologia africana"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"138","article-title":"A model of tooth replacement in the \u2018mammal\u2010like reptile\u2019 Diademodon","volume":"73","author":"Brink A. S.","year":"1977","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"The mammal\u2010like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals","author":"Broom R.","year":"1932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2017.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10292380009380563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Codron J.(2008).Annals of ivory: Perspectives on African elephantLoxodonta africanaBlumenbach 1797) feeding ecology from a multi\u2010decadal record. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Cape Town. Available from:http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11427\/4169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2011.594228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25131\/sajg.123.0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.631198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460902956725"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12430"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1220341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","series-title":"Life sciences division","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Tooth replacement phenomenon in lower vertebrates","author":"Edmund A. G.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.52204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199605)228:2<189::AID-JMOR7>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.25.14623"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912969809386568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Tooth replacement in the gomphodont cynodont Diademodon","volume":"57","author":"Fourie S.","year":"1963","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(99)00148-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationship of the enigmatic dinocephalian Styracocephalus platyrhynchus from the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa","volume":"54","author":"Fraser\u2010King S. W.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palaeontologia africana"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2015.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An ecological and behavioural explanation of mammalian characteristics, and their implication to therapsid evolution","volume":"37","author":"Geist V.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr S\u00e4ugetierkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2005)025[0320:DMITAI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Forerunners of mammals: radiation, histology and biology","author":"Green J. L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"The skeleton of Moschops capensis Broom, a dinocephalian reptile from the Permian of South Africa","volume":"56","author":"Gregory W. K.","year":"1926","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Cranial morphology and taxonomy of South African Tapinocephalidae (Therapsida: Dinocephalia): The case of Avenantia and Riebeeckosaurus","volume":"48","author":"G\u00fcven S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Palaeontologia africana"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24283-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Early mammals","author":"Hopson J. A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0031030108090013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Forerunners of mammals: radiation, histology and biology","author":"Jasinoski S. C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1989.tb02312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14772019.2010.492645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.674151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","volume-title":"Mammal\u2010like reptiles and the origin of mammals","author":"Kemp T. S.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1972.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2005.01076.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1956.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1988.tb04983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","unstructured":"Koch P. L.(1989).Paleobiology of Late Pleistocene mastodonts and mammaths from southern Michigan and western New York. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Michigan. Available from:https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027.42\/162478"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02192-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1792"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2014.919928"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01041667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32621-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19615\/j.cnki.1000-3118.180803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Paleontolog\u00eda y Dinosaurios Desde Am\u00e9rica Latina","author":"Martinelli A. G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gssajg.118.2.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"A dinocephalian therapsid fauna on the Ecca\u2010Beaufort contact in the eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"97","author":"Modesto S. P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"South African Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","unstructured":"Neumann S.(2020).Taxonomic revision of the short\u2010snouted tapinocephalid Dinocephalia (Amniota\u2010Therapsida)\u2014the key to understanding Middle Permian tetrapod biodiversity. PhD Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand. Available from:https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10539\/31602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","unstructured":"Norton L. A.(2020).Tooth replacement patterns in Eutheriodontia (Synapsida Therapsida) from the South African Karoo Supergroup. PhD Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand. Available from:https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10539\/30172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2021.2001650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95993-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.172293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1972.tb01967.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12542-013-0200-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","first-page":"547","article-title":"A new primitive dinocephalian mammal\u2010like reptile from the Permian of southern Africa","volume":"34","author":"Rubidge B. S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0022-3360(2006)80[740:ANBTBF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. II: The cranial evidence","volume":"34","author":"Salgado L.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345390180010701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)023[0631:ASSOLP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)23[1:APFAST]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","volume-title":"Morphological evolution of the theriodonts and the general problems of phylogenetics","author":"Tatarinov L. P.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v34i1.408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6841-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01207-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.69649\/pachyderm.v59i.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-012-0944-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","volume-title":"Biostatistical analysis","author":"Zar J. H.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.214171"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70038","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.70038","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T13:45:47Z","timestamp":1781099147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70038","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}