{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:44:46Z","timestamp":1759452286451,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The levator veli palatini muscle (LVP) plays a fundamental and pivotal role in speech and swallowing. Despite centuries of anatomical description, the LVP origin remains a subject of debate, with several prominent sources offering contradictory findings. This study seeks to clarify conflicting accounts by conducting, to our knowledge, the largest dissection study on LVP morphology to date. We examined 27 temporal bone specimens and 27 hemi\u2010heads from cadaveric donors. All exhibited an LVP origin from the portion of the cartilaginous Eustachian tube inside the osseous Eustachian tube orifice, with other anatomical variants including smaller accessory muscle bellies originating from a thick fibrous tissue layer overlying the petrous bone (the most common variant, 16\/27) or from the carotid sheath (5\/27). Our results did not support prior claims of the LVP originating exclusively from the petrous bone. There was no significant difference based on age or sex in the type of variant exhibited (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). We also found that most temporal bones exhibited an infratubal spine of variable size and that, as corroborated by dissection and inter\u2010observational documentation, these tended to function as attachments for a thick fibrous tissue layer that is continuous with both the carotid sheath and Weber\u2010Liel fascia. These findings contribute to clinical applications such as postoperative monitoring of cleft palate repair patients among whom LVP growth is functionally important. They are also applicable to vocal tract reconstructions in extinct hominins where minor differences in relative LVP length could have functional impacts on speech and respiration by influencing velar biomechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T16:18:08Z","timestamp":1758212288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Muscular origins of the levator veli palatini muscle: Documenting anatomical variation and resolving five centuries of conflicting accounts"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Pagano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9259-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Museum of Natural History  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle B.","family":"Titunick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Idso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York Graduate Center  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mobinuddin","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suwei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Laitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University  USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Investigation into the anatomy of the palate","volume":"48","author":"Blakeway H.","year":"1914","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy and Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jpho.2002.0170"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2007.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348945306200106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02438138"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03432.x"},{"volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 de l'organe de l'ou\u00efe contenant la structure, les usages, & les maladies de toutes les parties de l'orielle","year":"1683","author":"Verney M.","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_2002_039_0130_mriotl_2.0.co_2"},{"volume-title":"Opuscula anatomica","year":"1564","author":"Eustachi B.","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1944.00680010374001"},{"volume-title":"Anatomy descriptive and surgical","year":"1858","author":"Gray H.","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"Grosmangin C.(1979).Base du crane et pharynx dans leurs rapports avec l'appareil du langage articule. 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