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While distinct microanatomical limb bone features have been established for exclusively aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles, identifying clear patterns for the semiaquatic lifestyle remains more challenging. Pinnipeds and mustelids provide an ideal framework for studying the diversity of semiaquatic adaptations. Here, we tested whether their humerus and femur showed significant differences in microanatomical and biomechanical parameters along the diaphysis relative to locomotor strategies. We \u03bcCT\u2010scanned extant pinnipeds and included semiaquatic and generalist mustelids to build a reference for the amphibious lifestyle. Statistical analyses showed that comparisons away from the growth center distinguished species with non\u2010weight\u2010bearing hind limbs from those with all\u2010limb weight\u2010bearing. Among the latter, otariids and semiaquatic mustelids shared highly compact bones and a reduced medullary cavity, though otariids exhibited a more gradual medullocortical transition with more trabeculae. Contrary to the prevailing assumption, our findings indicate bone mass increase can also be associated with fast\u2010swimming predators diving beyond shallow depths. Phocids, which cannot bear weight on their hind limbs, include species that spend 70%\u201380% of their lives at sea. These species exhibited extremely spongious bones: low compactness, thin cortex, and a trabeculae\u2010filled medullary region\u2013reminiscent of the osteoporotic\u2010like condition seen in some extant cetaceans. Additionally, the shared humerus\u2013femur pattern, regardless of locomotor type, suggests that skeletal adaptations can be systemic in carnivorans. This new comparative dataset broadens the spectrum of microanatomical patterns associated with an amphibious lifestyle and provides a foundation for better deciphering extinct species' locomotion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:50:38Z","timestamp":1760406638000},"page":"2124-2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Broadening the semiaquatic scene: Quantification of long bone microanatomy across pinnipeds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8678-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apolline","family":"Alfsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Morphology Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde \u2013 Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2010 und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Institut f\u00fcr Geologische Wissenschaften, Fachrichtung Pal\u00e4ontologie  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Paleontology Department State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian de","family":"Muizon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CR2P (UMR 7207 CNRS\u2010MNHN\u2010Sorbonne Universit\u00e9), Origins and Evolution Department Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle MNHN  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D.O. Terre et Histoire de la Vie Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bianucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia R.","family":"Kaffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Morphology Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde \u2013 Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2010 und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"McCurry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Museum Research Institute  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Houssaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7179 MECADEV CNRS\u2010MNHN  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael M.","family":"Varas\u2010Malca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Paleontolog\u00eda de Vertebrados Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Salas\u2010Gismondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Paleontolog\u00eda de Vertebrados Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Hampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Morphology Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde \u2013 Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Evolutions\u2010 und Biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Institut f\u00fcr Geologische Wissenschaften, Fachrichtung Pal\u00e4ontologie  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Amson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleontology Department State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2005)772[0001:LC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"ggsignif: R package for displaying significance brackets for'ggplot2","author":"Ahlmann\u2010Eltze C.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-33990-5_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-019-09486-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01016-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.0192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-014-1602-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlx058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Beentjes M. 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