{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:42:25Z","timestamp":1791333745643,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X015130\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X015130\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In birds, the neural canal houses a variety of anatomical structures including the spinal cord, meninges, spinal vasculature, and respiratory diverticula. Among these, paramedullary diverticula and the extradural dorsal spinal vein may leave behind osteological correlates in the form of pneumatic foramina and fossae, and a bilobed geometry of the neural canal, respectively. While recent studies have cast light on the evolution of avian skeletal pneumaticity, evidence for these respiratory and vascular structures has never been reported in Mesozoic ornithurines, raising questions about the evolutionary origins of these modern components of the avian respiratory and vascular systems. Here, we investigated the neural canals of\n                    <jats:italic>Ichthyornis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Janavis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which provide the first evidence of paramedullary diverticula and spinal vasculature in Mesozoic ornithurine birds. In both taxa, numerous pneumatic foramina are present inside the vertebral canals, primarily in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.\n                    <jats:italic>Ichthyornis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Janavis<\/jats:italic>\n                    also both exhibit evidence of a large, extradural dorsal spinal vein in the cervical and thoracic regions, as indicated by a bilobed geometry of the neural canal. Some vertebrae of\n                    <jats:italic>Ichthyornis<\/jats:italic>\n                    also preserve paired ventrolateral channels suggesting the presence of additional spinal vessels, although a lack of information on spinal vasculature in extant birds hinders identification of specific vascular structures. These results cast new light on the detailed soft tissue anatomy of\n                    <jats:italic>Ichthyornis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Janavis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and affirm the utility of these osteological correlates which can be applied to other fossil avialans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T06:53:27Z","timestamp":1760079207000},"page":"2725-2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Osteological correlates of the respiratory and vascular systems in the neural canals of Mesozoic ornithurines\n                    <i>Ichthyornis<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Janavis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1081-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie","family":"Atterholt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0078-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Grace","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6082-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew J.","family":"Wedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California USA"},{"name":"College of Podiatric Medicine Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8258-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Fricano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1786-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Museum of Zoology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24852"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"66th Symposium on Vertebrate Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy, Programs and Abstracts","author":"Atterholt J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24923"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25067-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03689-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73391-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina anatomica avium","author":"Baumel J. 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The air sacs","volume":"14","author":"Cover M.","year":"1953","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-3668-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2024.0500"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00433.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29678-2_3171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1369039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.60.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Untersuchungen am Huhn \u00fcber die Blutgef\u00e4\u00dfe von R\u00fcckenmark und Corpus gelatinosum","author":"Lob G.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"The air\u2010sacs of the pigeon","author":"M\u00fcller B.","year":"1908"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Clinical implications of epidural fat in the spinal canal. A scanning electron microscopic study","volume":"60","author":"Reina M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Functional anatomy of marine mammals","author":"Ronald K.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21439"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00015-006-1177-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why is vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs so variable?","volume":"4","author":"Taylor M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qeios"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"What pneumaticity tells us about \u201cprosauropods\u201d, and vice versa","volume":"77","author":"Wedel M. J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Special Papers in Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Expanded neural canals in the caudal vertebrae of a specimen of Haplocanthosaurus","volume":"911","author":"Wedel M. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Academia Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10156"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70070","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.70070","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:56:32Z","timestamp":1788792992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70070","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}