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Despite this, comprehensive data on osteopathologies in crocodilians remain scarce. Here, we present the largest osteopathological survey to date of extant crocodilian skeletal material, comprising 927 individuals and 22,281 skeletal elements spanning all three extant crocodilian families. Our results reveal 1969 osteopathologies from 414 of all individuals (44.7%). Bone trauma is the most prevalent osteopathology, representing 43.9% of all pathologies observed, followed by inflammatory lesions (27.3%) and degenerative joint disorders (11.5%). Statistical analyses demonstrate significant correlations between adult body size, ontogeny, and trauma frequency, with large\u2010sized crocodilian species and older individuals sustaining substantially more injuries. The skull, particularly the dorsal cranial aspect, showed considerably higher involvement of trauma compared to the rest of the skeleton. We also show that non\u2010traumatic pathologies such as inflammation and degenerative joint disorders increase in larger crocodilian species and with ontogeny. These findings underscore the behavioral and physiological drivers of skeletal disease in modern crocodilians and offer key comparative data for interpreting osteopathologies in fossil archosaurs and archosauriforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T08:41:17Z","timestamp":1763196077000},"page":"2698-2724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Skeletal pathologies in extant crocodilians as a window into the paleopathology of fossil archosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0475-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Cornille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamik der Natur, Leibnitz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology Humboldt University  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7957-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyla","family":"Beguesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Zoological Osteological and Paleontological Pathology (CZOPP), LLC  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Biological Sciences Department North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Paleontology research laboratory North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewan","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honors College, University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Mountainside Animal Emergency &amp; 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