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This is particularly true for Therizinosauria, with representative crania best known for the late\u2010diverging\n                    <jats:italic>Erlikosaurus andrewsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the early taxon\n                    <jats:italic>Jianchangosaurus yixianensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here we describe a series of new cranial bones of\n                    <jats:italic>Falcarius utahensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the geologically oldest therizinosaurian from the Early Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, United States. This new material provides the most complete understanding of the skull to date for\n                    <jats:italic>Falcarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and frames the pattern and timing of cranial evolution in therizinosaurians and early coelurosaurians. Previously unknown elements include a well\u2010preserved maxilla, jugal, parietals, squamosal, laterosphenoids, and pterygoid. Computed tomography data differentiate the incisiform rostral dentary dentition from possible premaxillary teeth, the first in a therizinosaurian. Notable features include a primitive morphology of the jugal and frontoparietal complex shared with other early diverging taxa (e.g., tyrannosauroids,\n                    <jats:italic>Incisivosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ornitholestes, Fukuivenator<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and a large maxillary fenestra, convergent with troodontids. Additional specimens of previously known elements confirm their taxonomic utility and provide insight into intraspecific variation. Following patterns of other archosaurs, variable traits relate to the prominence of ridges and contours (likely associated with musculature) and the proportions of pneumatic features, whereas invariant traits correspond to the topology of bony contacts and major cranial nerves. Early, integrated evolution of the rostrum and adductor complex characterized early therizinosaurians, which was further modified alongside reduced paranasal complexity in later therizinosaurids.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:26:17Z","timestamp":1761395177000},"page":"1995-2048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New craniodental materials of\n                    <i>Falcarius utahensis<\/i>\n                    (Theropoda: Therizinosauria) reveal patterns of intraspecific variation and cranial evolution in early coelurosaurians"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Freimuth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleontology North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay E.","family":"Zanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleontology North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Geology Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Paleontology Natural History Museum of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"},{"name":"Vertebrate Paleontology Sam Noble Museum  Norman Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[87:ANTDTF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjes-2015-0099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Advances in 3D surface scanning: Mobile device applications set a new standard for the digitization of fossils and museum artifacts","volume":"83","author":"Avrahami H. 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