{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:01:09Z","timestamp":1791392469588,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Phorusrhacidae were apex predators that primarily dominated South America ecosystems for at least 40 million years with their imposing size and predatory lifestyle\u2014yet some aspects of their biology remain poorly understood. Osteohistology is a tool for understanding growth dynamics and biomechanical adaptations. Despite their ecological significance, histological analyses of these birds were non\u2010existent until the recent publication of a sampled metatarsus. Here, we present the first osteohistological data of a phorusrhacid femur together with other hindlimb elements representing two taxa,\n                    <jats:italic>Andrewsornis abbotti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Physornis fortis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , from the late Oligocene of Argentina. Ground\u2010section microscopy reveals highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue, indicating rapid, sustained growth with lines of arrested growth appearing only in the outer circumferential layer. Extensive secondary remodeling, particularly at muscle attachment sites, highlights high mechanical stress, consistent with active cursorial locomotion. Body mass estimates (60\u201389\u2009kg for\n                    <jats:italic>Andrewsornis abbotti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and high relative cortical thickness in both specimens (bone compactness\u2009=\u20090.55\u20130.78) provide additional data for comparative studies. Our findings confirm the uninterrupted growth strategy of phorusrhacids, consistent with other large\u2010bodied flightless neognaths but in contrast to most giant flightless palaeognath birds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:11:16Z","timestamp":1768824676000},"page":"3106-3122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Osteohistology of two phorusrhacids reveals uninterrupted growth strategy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8323-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotta","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3898-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingmai","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2024.2304592"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22179\/REVMACN.9.361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d13020090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2025.2458127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0031-10492003000400001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Sobre las aves f\u00f3siles de Patagonia","volume":"15","author":"Ameghino F.","year":"1895","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn del Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico de Argentina"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08536-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2024.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.640220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","article-title":"Bone structure and the evolution of different pathways to gigantism in dinosaurs and megamammals","volume":"105","author":"Aureliano T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of South American Earth Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina anatomica avium","author":"Baumel J. 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