{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T03:35:11Z","timestamp":1770435311851,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mandibular morphology in early hominins reflects both developmental processes and functional demands, yet the ontogenetic emergence of robust mandibular traits remains poorly understood. Here, we present cross\u2010sectional analyses of cortical bone development during early mandibular ontogeny across\n                    <jats:italic>Paranthropus robustus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097),\n                    <jats:italic>Paranthropus boisei<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091),\n                    <jats:italic>Australopithecus africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091), early Pleistocene\n                    <jats:italic>Homo erectus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091) and\n                    <jats:italic>Homo habilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091),\n                    <jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929),\n                    <jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200934), and\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924). We examined the cortical thickness and the structural properties at two key regions of the mandible\u2014the symphysis and the corpus between the deciduous molars. We find that cortical bone thickness displays strong positive allometry with mandibular height across all taxa, with relative cortical thickness increasing significantly during early ontogeny. This pattern reflects normal ontogenetic bone growth, potentially reinforced by rising masticatory demands. In\n                    <jats:italic>P. robustus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , disproportionate cortical thickening and elevated resistance to bending\u2014measured by the second moments of area\u2014emerge early and become more pronounced throughout development. In contrast, the early Pleistocene\n                    <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    shows cortical thickening and second moments of area comparable to those of\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , even though\n                    <jats:italic>H. habilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    shares external morphological features with\n                    <jats:italic>Paranthropus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Across all taxa, the mandibular robusticity index decreases during early ontogeny, reflecting proportionally greater increases in corpus height. However, this measure does not differentiate groups in infants and slightly older juveniles, whereas second moments of area reveal taxon\u2010specific developmental patterns. These results highlight the value of second moments of area and, to a lesser extent, cortical thickening and robusticity index, for understanding ontogenetic and functional divergence among early hominins. They further suggest that robust morphology of\n                    <jats:italic>Paranthropus<\/jats:italic>\n                    stems from a distinct developmental trajectory established early in life.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T14:12:49Z","timestamp":1770387169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental roots of cortical bone distribution and mandibular robusticity in early hominins"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5843-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Gat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anthropobiology &amp; Genomics of Toulouse CNRS UMR 5288, University of Toulouse  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Subsol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR Research Team, LIRMM (Laboratoire d'informatique, de robotique et de micro\u00e9lectronique de Montpellier) Univ Montpellier, CNRS  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anthropobiology &amp; Genomics of Toulouse CNRS UMR 5288, University of Toulouse  Toulouse France"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2319\/122117-879.1","article-title":"Correlation between the cross\u2010sectional morphology of the mandible and the three\u2010dimensional facial skeletal pattern: A structural equation modeling approach","volume":"89","author":"Ahn M. 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