{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:17:58Z","timestamp":1785424678283,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Macaws are renowned for processing dry, mechanically resistant fruits, yet the species\u2010level anatomical and functional correlates of this performance remain incompletely resolved. We examined the feeding apparatus of the Blue\u2010and\u2010yellow Macaw (\n                    <jats:italic>Ara ararauna<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) using an integrated approach that combines osteology, myology, and bite\u2010force estimates derived from physiological cross\u2010sectional area (PCSA). The skull is highly pseudokinetic, allowing a wide gape and comparatively strong beak\u2010opening capacity (65\u2009N), which likely facilitates handling of large food items. PCSA\u2010based modeling yielded an estimated total bite force of 232.74\u2009N, with ~98% contributed by the\n                    <jats:italic>m. adductor mandibulae externus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (82.52\u2009N),\n                    <jats:italic>m. pterygoideus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (101.06\u2009N), and\n                    <jats:italic>m. ethmomandibularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (43.43\u2009N). These principal adductor muscles show largely near\u2010perpendicular lines of action, a configuration consistent with increased PCSA and elevated force output. Generated forces are transmitted to a robust mandible, enhancing compressive efficiency at the rostral bite point, and act in concert with an enlarged, curved, tapered maxilla to form a pincer\u2010like functional unit. A thick rhamphotheca bearing aligned ridges and tubercles likely increases contact stability and promotes fracture of resistant foods. The maxillary tip also functions as a lever and, together with cervical musculature, may assist shell cracking via dorsal head movements. Skeletal reinforcement\u2014including a well\u2010developed\n                    <jats:italic>arcus jugalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>palatinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a robust\n                    <jats:italic>arcus suborbitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    articulating with the\n                    <jats:italic>lacrimalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and a deeply congruent quadrato\u2010mandibular joint\u2014improves joint stability and resistance to feeding\u2010induced stresses. Collectively, these features provide a structural basis for transmitting high bite forces in the Blue\u2010and\u2010yellow Macaw during hard\u2010fruit exploitation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T07:00:51Z","timestamp":1775458851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Morpho\u2010functional analyses of the jaw apparatus in the Blue\u2010and\u2010yellow Macaw (\n                    <i>Ara ararauna<\/i>\n                    , Psittaciformes, Aves): Adaptations to feeding behavior"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7823-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio R.","family":"Posso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LESCAN \u2013 Laboratory of Ecology, Systematics and Conservation of Neotropical Birds Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University  Tr\u00eas Lagoas MS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2341-8268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Caroline M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LESCAN \u2013 Laboratory of Ecology, Systematics and Conservation of Neotropical Birds Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University  Tr\u00eas Lagoas MS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5198-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor R.","family":"Caciatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LESCAN \u2013 Laboratory of Ecology, Systematics and Conservation of Neotropical Birds Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University  Tr\u00eas Lagoas MS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/birds3020015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58843\/ornneo.v34i1.1007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.140350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina anatomica avium","author":"Baumel J. 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