{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:48:37Z","timestamp":1775720917459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000014","name":"Smithsonian Institution","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Matsubara, 1936) (Elasmobranchii: Lamniformes) is a small, viviparous, pseudocarchariid shark distributed throughout tropical ocean waters worldwide. Although the appendicular skeleton of elasmobranchs has been explored in the literature, little is known about the clasper skeleton. Additionally, the appendicular musculature in general is not well studied in elasmobranchs, especially that of the pelvic fins and claspers. The same can be said about the siphon sac, a muscular bladder associated with the clasper and related to reproduction in male elasmobranchs. Here, we aim to expand the amount of morphological information related to the secondary sexual characteristics and to describe the pelvic musculature and skeleton, including a description of the clasper of the crocodile shark. The connected siphon sacs have a general inverted \u201cY\u201d shape, with their anterior margins \u201cM\u201d\u2010shaped and their posterior portions forked. The musculature of the ventral surface of the pelvic fin in both sexes is similar. However, the musculature of the dorsal surface of the male has an extra muscle in comparison to the female, the\n                    <jats:italic>flexor internus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Moreover, the clasper has a few exclusive muscles, such as the\n                    <jats:italic>dilatator<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In relation to the clasper skeleton, its morphology follows what is seen in other lamniforms. This study marks the first report of sexual dimorphism related exclusively to the pelvic fin musculature in Lamniformes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:00:31Z","timestamp":1775718031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The musculature and skeleton of the pelvic fin of the crocodile shark,\n                    <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai<\/i>\n                    (Matsubara, 1936) (Elasmobranchii: Lamniformes): Morphology and sexual dimorphism"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura F.","family":"Mianutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistem\u00e1tica e Ecologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e da Natureza Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba, Castelo Branco  Jo\u00e3o Pessoa Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7836-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenshu","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Studies DePaul University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences DePaul University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Sternberg Museum of Natural History Fort Hays State University  Hays Kansas USA"},{"name":"Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo C. B.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistem\u00e1tica e Ecologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e da Natureza Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba, Castelo Branco  Jo\u00e3o Pessoa Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.60339\/kasekiken.46.1_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-020-04219-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"FAO species catalogue, vol. 4, Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of sharks species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes","author":"Compagno L. J. V.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Sharks of the order carcharhiniformes","author":"Compagno L. J. V.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Compagno L. J. V.(1990).Relationships of the megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios(Lamniformes: Megachasmidae) with comments on its feeding habits. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service 90: 357\u2013379."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2: Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes)","author":"Compagno L. J. V.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2012.00560.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.10180","volume-title":"The elasmobranch fishes","author":"Daniel J. F.","year":"1934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Anatomy of the head and pelvic fin of the whale shark, Rhineodon","volume":"73","author":"Denison R. H.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr01257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"Sharks of the world: A complete guide","author":"Ebert D. A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(72)90371-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative anatomy, phylogeny and cladistic classification of the order Orectolobiformes (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)","volume":"48","author":"Goto T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido Unisersity"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02678514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15849"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icad111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jungersen H. F. E.(1899).The Danish ingolf\u2010expedition Vol. II. On the appendices genitales in the greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus(Bl. Schn.) and other selachians.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/bhl.title.14334","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.14334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007667108362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.10.2297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22647"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051140209","article-title":"The functional anatomy of the clasper and clasper gland of the yellow stingray, Urolophus jamaicensis (Cuvier)","volume":"114","author":"LaMarca M. J.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050340202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050350203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050420111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17895\/ices.pub.25350343"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8312.2002.00085.x","article-title":"Walking in skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae): Anatomy, behaviour and analogies to tetrapod locomotion","volume":"77","author":"Lucifora L. O.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10865"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"Marinelli W. &Strenger A.(1954).Vergleichende Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirbeltiere."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1950.0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","volume-title":"Morphology and phylogenetic relevance of the siphon sac and pelvic musculature in elasmobranchs (unpublished master's thesis)","author":"Mianutti L. F.","year":"2025"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20904","article-title":"Morphology of the clasper musculature in rays (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii: Batoidea), with comments on their phylogenetic interrelationships","volume":"279","author":"Moreira R. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"MorphoSourceData from: Shark x\u2010ray computed tomography. MorphoSource.https:\/\/www.morphosource.org\/projects\/000497872?locale=en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.812561","article-title":"Imaging with the past: Revealing the complexity of chimaeroid pelvic musculature anatomy and development","volume":"9","author":"Pears J. B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2008.01878.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007656126281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.18049121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-009-9447-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"Shirai S.(1992).Squalean Phylogeny: A new framework of \u201csqualoid\u201d sharks and related taxa. (PhD. diss. Hokkaido Univ. Press)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"Silva J. P. C. B.(2014).Phylogeny of the major groups of Chondrichthyes based on the comparative anatomy of the skeleton of the paired fins and girdles. Unpublished PhD thesis. Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jai.14005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12528"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1643\/CG-18-160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.240287"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70201","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.70201","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1775718041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70201","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ar.70201"}}