{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T06:54:26Z","timestamp":1776668066015,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although diverse manifestations of nasal glands occur within Tetrapoda, most studies have focused on those with ductal openings in the nasal vestibular ductal opening. Historically, comparative studies of adult animals often concentrated on specific clades, resulting in taxon\u2010specific terminology (e.g., external nasal gland [ENG] in squamates and \u201cSteno's gland\u201d or \u201csalt gland\u201d in birds). The few embryological studies that exist are descriptions of individual unstaged embryonic specimens. In this study we examined two series of stage embryonic specimens of two archosaurs: Laysan Albatross (\n                    <jats:italic>Phoebastria immutabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Aves) and the American alligator (\n                    <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Crocodylia). Serial histological sections of mid to late embryonic staged specimens of both species were examined.\n                    <jats:italic>A. mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    possesses a single large gland, with a medial vestibular opening whereas\n                    <jats:italic>P. immutabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    has two ducts (inner and outer in reference to their origin from the vestibulum). In comparison to other tetrapods, the alligator condition most closely resembles that of an ENG, which is typical of amphibians and many amniotes. Dual glands exist in many birds, echidna, turtles and\n                    <jats:italic>Sphenodon<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We argue that the inner one corresponds to the ENG and the outer one to Steno's gland; the entire complex can appropriately be called the dual nasal gland (dNG). Unique features of timing (earlier in birds and alligators, in comparison to rodents), nasal rotation (dual late embryonic nasal rotation in alligators) and the impact of ductal morphogenesis (and the putative role of signaling pathways in ductal development) reveal a hitherto underappreciated complexity of nasal gland evolutionary history.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:54:28Z","timestamp":1776664468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inception and organogenesis of the nasal glands in the embryonic Laysan albatross (\n                    <i>Phoebastria immutabilis<\/i>\n                    ) and American alligator (\n                    <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>\n                    ), and a re\u2010evaluation of their homology"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2550-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. J.","family":"Rehorek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Slippery Rock University  Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Hillenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology College of Charleston  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University  Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00957899","article-title":"The anatomy and fine structure of the echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus snout with respect to its different trigeminal sensory receptors including the electroreceptors","volume":"184","author":"Andres K. H.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anatomy and Embryology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/ics073","article-title":"Perspectives on the convergent evolution of tetrapod salt glands","volume":"52","author":"Babonis L. 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