{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:09:30Z","timestamp":1780315770003,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ref 3.3 \u2010 ESP \u2010 1262996 \u2010 HFST\u2010P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref 3.3 \u2010 ESP \u2010 1262996 \u2010 HFST\u2010P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["832980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["832980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hippopotamuses are key palaeoenvironmental indicators in African Pleistocene ecosystems due to their ecological dependence on permanent water bodies and their frequent representation in the fossil record. This study examines dental anomalies in\n                    <jats:italic>Hippopotamus<\/jats:italic>\n                    cf.\n                    <jats:italic>gorgops<\/jats:italic>\n                    from several localities in Bed II of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), dated to ca. 1.7\u20131.3 Ma. A total of 107 dental elements (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) were analyzed to document these anomalies and evaluate their behavioral and environmental implications. Dental anomalies are concentrated exclusively in the anterior dentition, affecting 58.9% of the examined incisors and canines (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200933 of 56), while premolars and molars show no pathological alterations. Several upper canines display subluxation and malocclusion associated with abnormal growth and atypical wear patterns, consistent with traumatic displacement during life. Biometric comparisons with extant\n                    <jats:italic>Hippopotamus amphibius<\/jats:italic>\n                    suggest that these specimens likely correspond to males, supporting an interpretation linked to aggressive intraspecific interactions similar to those observed in extant common hippopotamuses. In addition, various teeth exhibit enamel hypoplasia. Recurrent linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) indicates repeated episodes of physiological stress during tooth development. The spacing of LEH bands in one well\u2010preserved canine suggests a higher frequency of stress episodes than previously reported for European Early Pleistocene hippopotamuses (\n                    <jats:italic>Hippopotamus antiquus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). These defects likely reflect seasonal environmental fluctuations affecting water availability or vegetation productivity\/phenology in the Olduvai Basin during this part of the Early Pleistocene. Overall, the results provide new insights into the behavior of\n                    <jats:italic>H.<\/jats:italic>\n                    cf.\n                    <jats:italic>gorgops<\/jats:italic>\n                    and support the presence of recurrent environmental stress in Olduvai Bed II ecosystems during the Oldowan\u2010Acheulean transition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:18:13Z","timestamp":1780312693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dental anomalies in Pleistocene African hippopotamuses from Olduvai Bed\n                    <scp>II<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dar\u00edo","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde\u2014Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9414-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faysal","family":"Bibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde\u2014Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Renaud","family":"Boisserie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Fran\u00e7ais des \u00c9tudes \u00c9thiopiennes, UAR 3137 CNRS &amp; Ambassade de Franceen Ethiopie  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Laboratoire Pal\u00e9ontologie \u00c9volution Pal\u00e9o\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes Pal\u00e9oprimatologie, PALEVOPRIM UMR 7262 CNRS &amp; Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers  Poitiers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson K.","family":"Njau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"},{"name":"The Stone Age Institute  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1805-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pleistocene Archaeology Lab, Instituto de Historia CSIC\u2010Spanish National Research Council  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad R. 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