{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:20:42Z","timestamp":1780471242603,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_212984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_212984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001664","name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K438\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K438\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Candoc FK\u201024\u2010024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Candoc FK\u201024\u2010024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The \u201cEnergetics of Gestation and Growth\u201d (EGG) hypothesis proposes that human birth timing and the associated secondary altriciality of human newborns is determined by limits in maternal metabolic capacity. According to this model, labor is triggered when the increasing fetal energy requirements exceed the expectant mother's maximum sustained metabolic scope of 2.0\u20132.1\u2009\u00d7\u2009basal metabolic rate (BMR). Because twin pregnancies generally involve higher combined fetal mass than singleton pregnancies, they provide an ideal test of the EGG hypothesis. Here, we use data from one study reporting maternal energy expenditure during twin pregnancy and seven studies that sonographically estimated twin fetal weights. Maternal metabolic scope during twin pregnancies exceeded the suggested metabolic ceiling without triggering earlier birth. Sensitivity analyses indicated that modest increases in total energy expenditure would raise maternal metabolic scope even further, reinforcing that our sample provides conservative estimates. Across studies, twins exhibited fetal growth ratios and energy requirement trajectories (estimated from fetal weight) that were similar to singletons, and variability in both measures increased with gestational age. Fetal energy requirements of two twins at the 50th percentile exceeded the proposed maternal metabolic ceiling in approximately pregnancy week 31, which was on average 5\u2009weeks before birth. Crucially, higher fetal energy requirements were not consistently associated with shorter gestation lengths. These findings contradict the EGG hypothesis and indicate that energetic limits alone cannot explain birth timing or secondary altriciality, even under the substantial energetic load of twin gestations. Instead, the results highlight the adaptability of human maternal energetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:42:11Z","timestamp":1780468931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Twin pregnancies and the limits of the energetics of gestation and growth hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Cordey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine University of Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine University of Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Palaeoanthropology SENCKENBERG \u2013 Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9100-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Haeusler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine University of Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e156","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003076","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 765: Avoidance of Nonmedically Indicated Early\u2010Term Deliveries and Associated Neonatal Morbidities","volume":"133","author":"ACOG","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4318","article-title":"Reference charts for fetal biometric parameters in twin pregnancies according to chorionicity","volume":"34","author":"Araujo Junior E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.5.1246s","article-title":"Fat intake of children in relation to energy requirements","volume":"72","author":"Butte N. 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Webb N. M. &Haeusler M.(2026).Testing the Energetics of Gestation and Growth hpothesis for human secondary altriciality. Evol Anthropol in press.https:\/\/10.1002\/evan.70034.","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.70034"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318187eb2a","article-title":"Accuracy of ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation in twin pregnancies","volume":"112","author":"Danon D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802488204","article-title":"The correlation in birth timing between singleton and twin gestations in the same mother","volume":"22","author":"Defranco E. 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