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Research has focused on the anatomical changes present in our hominin lineage that would have improved endurance economy, and, therefore, our capacity for persistence hunting. However, little work has been done to understand the origins of endurance physiology. Here, I suggest our uniquely human endurance capacities are an exaptation of underlying pregnancy physiology. I review the physiological changes associated with endurance training followed by the changes associated with pregnancy, highlighting the similarities between the two. I then argue that the evolution of bipedalism created a situation in which pregnancy physiology could be exaptated for endurance running abilities. I then present three different possibilities for when and how this exaptation may have come about and how this hypothesis can be tested in the future. Expanding our questions and hypotheses for the origins of human endurance capacities to include an intentional examination of female and pregnancy physiology will provide unique insights into our evolutionary trajectory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1780150241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The 9+ month marathon: How pregnancy may have shaped human endurance capacities"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6949-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara","family":"Ocobock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115577"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"The quarterly review of biology (Number 2)","author":"Altmann J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.1059487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHYS.2021.694411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSBMB.2019.105473"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2017.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/RSTB.2013.0440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40279-022-01651-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS252313041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BJSPORTS-2016-096218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BJSPORTS-2016-096810"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18388\/ABP.2015_1067\/PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CVR\/CVU013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CVR\/CVT208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199110000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/EMPH\/EOAD035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBIOMECH.2023.111701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2019.1593835"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0926","article-title":"17\u2010{beta}\u2010estradiol supplementation decreases glucose Ra and Rd with no effect on glycogen utilization during moderate intensity exercise in men","volume":"90","author":"Devries M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/PBM.2018.0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205282109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHYS.2021.787848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199412011-00001","article-title":"Maternal cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy","volume":"49","author":"Duvekot J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGZ104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"18","volume-title":"The Agta of northeastern Luzon: Recent studies","author":"Estioko\u2010Griffin A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Woman the gatherer","author":"Estioko\u2010Griffin A.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","volume-title":"These Korean women divers have evolved traits to survive in frigid water","author":"Ferrari O.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94305-9_8","volume-title":"Exercise metabolism","author":"Fritzen A. 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