{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:03:28Z","timestamp":1784624608517,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012457","name":"American Ornithological Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Factors varying along elevational gradients impose strong aerodynamic and physiological constraints on powered flight, yet the internal microanatomical variation associated with elevational context in animals under such conditions remains poorly understood. In hummingbirds, sustained hovering requires extreme muscular power output, making the\n                    <jats:italic>pectoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    muscle a key tissue for evaluating anatomical variation associated with elevational context. We tested whether\n                    <jats:italic>pectoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    microanatomy differed among hummingbirds sampled at three elevationally distinct sites spanning a ~1500\u2009m gradient in the Colombian Andes. Using tissue morphometry of trichrome\u2010stained transverse sections of the\n                    <jats:italic>pectoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we measured collagen\u2010rich interstitial extracellular matrix fraction as an anatomical proxy and quantified fiber\u2010profile cross\u2010sectional area, packing density, and size heterogeneity. Collagen\u2010rich ECM fraction differed among sites, with the highest values at the mid\u2010elevation site and the lowest values at the high\u2010elevation site. Fiber\u2010profile cross\u2010sectional area tended to be lower and packing density higher at the high\u2010elevation site, although site\u2010level contrasts showed broad uncertainty. Because species identity and site could not be fully disentangled in this limited dataset, these patterns are interpreted as site\u2010associated anatomical variation rather than definitive evidence of elevation\u2010driven adaptation. These results suggest that hummingbird pectoralis microanatomy differs among sampled elevational contexts in a trait\u2010specific manner, with the strongest evidence in fiber geometry. More broadly, our findings highlight that multiple components of muscle microarchitecture, including the extracellular matrix, are consistent with diffusion\u2010related expectations rather than direct evidence of functional performance differences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:18:52Z","timestamp":1784621932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Balancing mechanics and metabolism: Elevational variation in the microanatomy of hummingbird flight muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Camilo","family":"R\u00edos\u2010Orjuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidad de los Andes  Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Morfolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia  Sede Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Universidad Pedag\u00f3gica Nacional  Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7065-7513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Novoa\u2010P\u00e1ramo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidad de los Andes  Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4949-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Juliana","family":"Villalba Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Biolog\u00eda Aplicada Universidad Militar Nueva Granada  Cajic\u00e1 Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zayra Viviana","family":"Garavito\u2010Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda del Desarrollo\u2013BIOLDES, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de los Andes  Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rico\u2010Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Daniel","family":"Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidad de los Andes  Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-23-0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icj008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2015-0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00540"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.037002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"Bancroft J. D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.1994.tb01198.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.060370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035472"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901649106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Hummingbirds","author":"Greenewalt C. H.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80300-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3428-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.DHARMa"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.2.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700527114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07785.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Histological and Histochemical Methods Theory and Practice","author":"Kiernan J. A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00110.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.emmeans"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","volume-title":"Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry","author":"Lillie R. D.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esab008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/15270290152608598"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(92)90075-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.5.2255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2019.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315456110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (4.5.1)","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.052548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.1.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-072820-102736"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110218-025014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.11.4870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.000273"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.043844"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","volume-title":"The Pathway for Oxygen: Structure and Function in the Mammalian Respiratory System","author":"Weibel E. R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14235"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.70286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:18:54Z","timestamp":1784621934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70286","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ar.70286"}}