{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T18:00:24Z","timestamp":1785088824752,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Previous work has identified a pattern of articular shape variation in modern human limb joints, in which convex joint surfaces exhibit constrained variance relative to their more variable concave conarticulars. This pattern is notable given that joint morphogenesis is influenced by local biomechanical environments, which vary substantially across joints and throughout development. Whether this biased variance pattern reflects generalizable developmental or biomechanical constraints, or instead represents a human\u2010specific phenomenon, remains unclear. Here, we test the generalizability of this pattern by examining the humeroulnar joint in New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), a diverse radiation of primates that retain many aspects of the ancestral anthropoid\n                    <jats:italic>bauplan<\/jats:italic>\n                    while exhibiting wide variation in body size, locomotor behavior, and limb\u2010loading regimes. We analyzed three\u2010dimensional geometric morphometric landmark data from the humeroulnar joints of 84 adult platyrrhines. Phylogenetic comparative analyses identified moderate but significant phylogenetic signal in both distal humeral and proximal ulnar articular shape, and two\u2010block partial least squares analysis demonstrated strong humeroulnar covariance. Mean pairwise landmark distance distributions were used to compare relative variance between conarticular surfaces across the pooled sample and within groups. Distal humeri consistently exhibited significantly lower morphological variance than associated proximal ulnae, indicating that this pattern is not unique to humans, despite differences in posture, gait, and locomotor loading. These results demonstrate that biased constraint of convex articular surfaces may be conserved across a wide range of locomotor strategies. This suggests the involvement of shared underlying developmental or biomechanical mechanisms in joint morphogenesis and highlights the utility of comparative variance analyses for inferring processes of morphogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T17:35:24Z","timestamp":1785087324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Humans and platyrrhines share a pattern of articular variance"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haley","family":"Horbaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Congdon School of Health Sciences High Point University  High Point North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Congdon School of Health Sciences High Point University  High Point North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Zachary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Anatomical Sciences New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University  Jonesboro Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12463","article-title":"A method for assessing phylogenetic least squares models for shape and other high\u2010dimensional multivariate data","volume":"68","author":"Adams D. C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024555","article-title":"Phylogenetic comparative methods and the evolution of multivariate phenotypes","volume":"50","author":"Adams D. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14512","article-title":"Consilience of methods for phylogenetic analysis of variance","volume":"76","author":"Adams D. C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/11250000409356545","article-title":"Geometric morphometrics: Ten years following the \u201crevolution\u201d","volume":"71","author":"Adams D. C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"A field comes of age: Geometric morphometrics in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"Adams D. C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20251","article-title":"The 10kTrees website: A new online resource for primate phylogeny","volume":"19","author":"Arnold C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210x.13723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x","article-title":"Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: Behavioral traits are more labile","volume":"57","author":"Blomberg S. P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Morphometric tools for landmark data: Geometry and biology","author":"Bookstein F. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2001.0485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(03)00060-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060604","article-title":"The role of mechanical loading histories in the development of diarthrodial joints","volume":"6","author":"Carter D. R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03191-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2014.75","article-title":"A method for analysis of phenotypic change for phenotypes described by high\u2010dimensional data","volume":"115","author":"Collyer M. L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000021716"},{"issue":"71","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Evaluating landmark error and estimates of asymmetry in the hominin proximal femur","volume":"174","author":"Eason L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Primate adaptation and evolution","author":"Fleagle J. G.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350160305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330520302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330820409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02383822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90053-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02441236","article-title":"A chondral modeling theory","volume":"28","author":"Frost H.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"543","volume-title":"Primates in perspective","author":"Garber P. A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35005066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01825.x","article-title":"Procrustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape","volume":"53","author":"Goodall C. R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291478","article-title":"Generalized Procrustes analysis","volume":"40","author":"Gower J. C.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21499"},{"issue":"35","key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10182","article-title":"Canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration in primate limbs","volume":"119","author":"Hallgr\u00edmsson B.","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1999.1025","article-title":"A chondral modeling theory revisited","volume":"201","author":"Hamrick M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2307\/1942661","article-title":"Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments","volume":"54","author":"Hurlbert S. H.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ecological Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1112\/blms\/16.2.81","article-title":"Shape\u2010manifolds, Procrustean metrics and complex projective spaces","volume":"16","author":"Kendall D. G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9083-2_3","volume-title":"Advances in Morphometrics","author":"Klingenberg C. P.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21460"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<87::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion","volume":"112","author":"Larson S. G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836901001455"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199904)108:4<459::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Homoplasy and adaptation in the atelid postcranium","volume":"108","author":"Lockwood C. A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330830402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9055-x","article-title":"Advances in geometric morphometrics","volume":"36","author":"Mitteroecker P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20050"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.23861","article-title":"Molecular profiling of synovial joints: Use of microarray analysis to identify factors that direct the development of the knee and elbow","volume":"241","author":"Pazin D. E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Dynamics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542381.004","volume-title":"Primate communities","author":"Peres C. A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00804.x","article-title":"Size\u2010correction and principal components for interspecific comparative studies","volume":"63","author":"Revell L. J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s003579900054","article-title":"Shape statistics: Procrustes superimpositions and tangent spaces","volume":"16","author":"Rohlf F. J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Classification"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(93)90024-J","article-title":"A revolution in morphometrics","volume":"8","author":"Rohlf F. J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2992207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2005086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","volume-title":"New world monkeys: The evolutionary odyssey","author":"Rosenberger A. L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.05.015","article-title":"1.32\u00b10.11 Ma age for underwater remains constrain antiquity and longevity of the Dominican primate Antillothrix bernensis","volume":"88","author":"Rosenberger A. L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(89)90102-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2011.00152.x","article-title":"Neotropical primates: Taxonomy and recently described species and subspecies","volume":"46","author":"Rylands A. B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Zoo Yearbook"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2013.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal R. R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.10.010","article-title":"New endemic platyrrhine humerus from Haiti and the evolution of the Greater Antillean platyrrhines","volume":"91","author":"Tallman M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.2005.1532826","volume-title":"VIS 05. IEEE Visualization, 2005","author":"Wiley D. F.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(89)90098-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019602116805"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.01.003"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00980.x","article-title":"Serial homology and the evolution of mammalian limb covariation structure","volume":"59","author":"Young N. M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Morphology of the platyrrhine talus reflects differences in ankle mobility associated with positional behavior","volume":"177","author":"Zachary L. M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","volume-title":"Functional Morphology of the Platyrrhine Humerus and Talus: Implications for Inferring Locomotor Behavior in Extinct Primates","author":"Zachary L. M.","year":"2023"},{"issue":"71","key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Assessing asymmetry in the Platyrrhine postcranium","volume":"174","author":"Zachary L. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Platyrrhine proximal humerus morphology reflects phylogeny and locomotor differences related to glenohumeral joint function","volume":"180","author":"Zachary L. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","volume-title":"Geometric morphometrics for biologists, a primer","author":"Zelditch M. L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000319"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70299","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.70299","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T17:35:37Z","timestamp":1785087337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70299","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ar.70299"}}