{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T04:26:25Z","timestamp":1786767985270,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Musculoskeletal modeling offers a non\u2010invasive approach to analyze human movement, enabling estimation of forces that are difficult to measure experimentally. In musculoskeletal modeling, the human body is represented as rigid segments connected by joints. Complex structures (i.e., the foot) are often modeled as a single rigid segment due to challenges in capturing the motion of individual bones with conventional gait analysis. Additionally, internal joint locations typically require invasive imaging to be accurately determined. Here, we propose a regression\u2010based method to locate the in vivo positions of mid\u2010 and hindfoot joint centers using three\u2010dimensional surface markers. Simulated weight\u2010bearing computed tomography (SWCT) scans of 20 individuals were randomly assigned to training (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200916) and validation (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094) datasets. Surface models of each foot were generated, and anatomical markers identified in Avizo Lite 9.0.1. Forty additional landmarks were placed within each foot to represent internal joint centers of 20 mid\u2010 and hindfoot joints. Best\u2010fit models for each joint center were generated using stepwise regressions on the training set and evaluated on the validation set. Regression models showed strong predictive performance for all mid\u2010 and hindfoot joints based on external skin markers, with\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    values ranging from 0.79 to 0.98 and generally low standard errors of estimate (\n                    <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.91\u20130.99; SEE: 0.002\u20130.6\u2009mm;\n                    <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.93\u20130.99; SEE: 0.004\u20130.6\u2009mm;\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.70\u20130.96, SEE: 0.02\u20130.5\u2009mm). These predictive equations thus provide a practical tool for researchers aiming to develop and validate detailed musculoskeletal models of the foot.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T03:27:09Z","timestamp":1786764429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating in vivo midfoot and hindfoot joint locations using external skin markers"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7999-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven G.","family":"Lautzenheiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8575-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840802459412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)91394-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(01)00101-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21570"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.102791"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.112147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"The transverse tarsal joint and its control","volume":"16","author":"Elftman H.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"FEI Visualization Group. (2015).Avizo Lite (Version 9.0.1) [Computer software]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1817405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00120-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"The mechanics of the foot: II. The plantar aponeurosis and the arch","volume":"88","author":"Hicks J. H.","year":"1954","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(01)00040-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00025-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/BIO.061883\/368164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/AJPA.23957"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(99)00008-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00148-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GAITPOST.2019.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86567-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-6362(02)00103-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330070114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","volume-title":"The human foot","author":"Morton D.","year":"1935"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330050409"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13047-016-0152-7\/TABLES\/4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078901000305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(98)00034-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90305-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0758"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2018.1550577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11420-012-9296-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90037-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00093-2","article-title":"Effects of hip joint centre mislocation on gait analysis results","volume":"33","author":"Stagni R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","volume-title":"Anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice","author":"Standring S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25835"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/BIO.058595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","volume-title":"The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly and Pathological","author":"Winter D. A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08959-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4040943"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70311","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.70311","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T03:27:12Z","timestamp":1786764432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70311","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ar.70311"}}