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Housed deep within the petrous temporal bone, it contains the organs for audition and balance. Our understanding of its structure and function has relied heavily on advances in imaging and novel visualization modalities. This review synthesizes the historical and technological progression of research on inner ear structure, tracing developments from early philosophical speculation and gross dissection to microscopy, serial histology, radiographic imaging, and contemporary high\u2010resolution digital modalities. We outline three major eras in inner ear investigation: the classical period, during which the ear was considered solely an auditory organ; the Renaissance and early modern period, marked by transformative anatomical illustration and the recognition of labyrinthine structure; and the modern era, characterized by experimental demonstration of vestibular function, high\u2010resolution in situ imaging, and the refinement of quantitative morphological analyses. Several recent innovations, including micro\u2010computed tomography, contrast\u2010enhanced imaging, super\u2010resolution microscopy, high\u2010field magnetic resonance imaging, and advanced three\u2010dimensional segmentation techniques, have substantially improved spatial resolution and soft\u2010tissue visualization. As a result, these developments have enabled increasingly precise reconstruction of both osseous and membranous labyrinthine structures. These approaches are shifting the field from descriptive anatomy toward integrative, quantitative, and functionally informed models of inner ear biology. Furthermore, forays into in vivo imaging are pushing the bounds of anatomical imaging. This review situates contemporary advances within their historical context. In doing so, we highlight the most impactful contributions to our understanding of inner ear structure, evolution, and disease\u2014and identify questions that remain unresolved. Continued refinement of in vivo and post\u2010mortem in situ visualization modalities promises to bridge anatomical detail with physiological function and clinical phenotype, advancing basic science and translational otology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:07:53Z","timestamp":1789369673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visualizing the inner ear: Historical perspectives and future directions to elucidate labyrinth structure and function"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9259-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Fairfield University  Fairfield Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History  New York New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan K.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head &amp; Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Laitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000004779","article-title":"In vivo volumetric analysis of endolymphatic hydrops in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re disease using 7\u2010Tesla MRI and advanced post\u2010processing","volume":"47","author":"Ahmad S. 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