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At the nanoscale level, the alignment trajectories of thin hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and the organic matrix serve to convey anisotropy and deformability. Various prism packing configurations provide additional structural heterogeneity at the microscale level, while at the mesoscale, the angles at which parazonal and diazonal prisms decussate furnish yet more structural incongruity. At the macroscale level, Hunter\u2010Schreger band (HSB) packing patterns appear to conform to masticatory loading mechanics. This study undertakes a quantitative evaluation of the strength of enamel decussation at the mesoscale in human permanent molars by measuring the degree to which prism pitch angle deviates in adjacent diazones and parazones using scanning electron microscopy. While HSB packing tends to be denser in \u201cfunctional\u201d cusps, decussational strength tends to be greater in \u201cguiding\u201d cusps, and whereas HSB packing tends to be denser in maxillary molars, decussational strength tends to be greater in mandibular molars. The general lack of concordance between measures of decussation at the mesoscale and macroscale levels may suggest that decussational strength may serve to compensate for lower HSB packing densities in human permanent molars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:21:36Z","timestamp":1788153696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The hierarchical nature of mammalian tooth enamel resilience, and a novel measure of decussational strength in human molars"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5310-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick E.","family":"Grine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7719-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie S.","family":"Mongle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"},{"name":"Turkana Basin Institute Stony Brook University  Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866526666190731120018","article-title":"A review of the role of 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