{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T06:12:29Z","timestamp":1788588749509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UF160216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UF160216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["URF\\R\\221010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URF\\R\\221010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGF\\EA\\201037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGF\\EA\\201037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/X014010\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/X014010\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FL210100103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL210100103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Australasian crocodylian fossil record is dominated by the extinct endemic clade Mekosuchinae, with known members spanning the Eocene\u2010to\u2010Holocene. This diverse clade exhibited high morphological disparity, from early members superficially similar to\n                    <jats:italic>Crocodylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , to more terrestrial forms later in the clade's evolutionary history. However, it remains unclear why mekosuchines went extinct whilst\n                    <jats:italic>Crocodylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    continues to thrive in the region, and how the ancestors of this terrestrial clade reached Australasia without long\u2010distance transoceanic dispersal. One possible explanation is that there was intraclade variation in the growth pattern and life habit of mekosuchine species, and that these, in turn, differ from those of\n                    <jats:italic>Crocodylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we present the first osteohistological study of mekosuchines, evaluating the femora of the middle\u2013late Eocene species\n                    <jats:italic>Kambara taraina<\/jats:italic>\n                    and late Oligocene\u2013middle Miocene\n                    <jats:italic>Baru<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>wickeni<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>darrowi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Bone compactness profiles are more characteristic of a terrestrial habit than those of extant crocodylians, with\n                    <jats:italic>Baru darrowi<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrating the most terrestrialized profile. Apposition rates are similar in absolute value to those of extant crocodylians, indicating a comparable metabolism; however, high appositional rates throughout mid\u2010cortical cyclical growth marks suggest that mekosuchines were able (or needed) to maintain a moderate rate of growth for longer than extant crocodylians. Our results indicate that mekosuchines were more terrestrial than\n                    <jats:italic>Crocodylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and that later\u2010diverging mekosuchines showed increased terrestrialization; however, they do not indicate that early mekosuchines were well\u2010adapted to transoceanic dispersal. Heightened terrestrialization and an extended moderate growth period might have made mekosuchines more vulnerable to late Cenozoic aridification in Australia than semi\u2010aquatic\n                    <jats:italic>Crocodylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:44:47Z","timestamp":1788587087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Osteohistological evidence for terrestrial adaptation and an extended growth period in mekosuchine crocodylians and its potential role in their extinction"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9241-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devin K.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecily S. C.","family":"Nicholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreya","family":"Magar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Sofia","family":"Sebaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Houssaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7179 MECADEV CNRS\/MNHN Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9201-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan N.","family":"Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Science Group Natural History Museum London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3568-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Megafauna Central Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory  Alice Springs Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Poropat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9361-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip D.","family":"Mannion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03115510609506851","article-title":"Current status of species\u2010level representation in faunas from selected fossil localities in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland","volume":"30","author":"Archer M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcheringa"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"853","article-title":"Mekosuchus inexpectatus, n. g., n. sp., Crocodilien nouveau de l'Holoc\u00e8ne de Nouvelle Cal\u00e9donie","volume":"304","author":"Balouet J. C.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences. S\u00e9rie 2, M\u00e9canique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'Univers, Sciences de la Terre"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002281"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/41.3.564"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/039.029.0220"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"La squelettochronologie chez les reptiles. I: r\u00e9sultats exp\u00e9rimentaux sur la signification des marques de croissance squelettiques chez les l\u00e9zards et les tortues","volume":"7","author":"Castanet J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annales des sciences naturelles\u2010Zoologie et biologie animale"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1163\/156853891X00356","article-title":"Adaptation and evolution in Gallotia lizards from the Canary Islands: Age, growth, maturity and longevity","volume":"12","author":"Castanet J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Amphibia\u2010Reptilia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5710\/PEAPA.07.04.2020.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0245"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31384-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2018.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa081"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2021.0603"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351189590-4","volume-title":"Vertebrate skeletal histology and paleohistology","author":"Buffr\u00e9nil V.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351189590-8","volume-title":"Vertebrate skeletal histology and paleohistology","author":"Buffr\u00e9nil V.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351189590-26","volume-title":"Vertebrate skeletal histology and paleohistology","author":"Buffr\u00e9nil V.","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2005)025[0354:FDABSO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Femoral dimensions and body size of Alligator mississippiensis: estimating the size of extinct mesoeucrocodylians","volume":"25","author":"Farlow J. O.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/let.12423"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)023[0458:BPATTQ]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Bone profiler: A tool to quantify, model, and statistically compare bone\u2010section compactness profiles","volume":"23","author":"Girondot M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1466-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13833"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26879\/1194"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","volume-title":"Biology and evolution of Crocodylians","author":"Grigg G.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12136"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1306\/03B5A304-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","article-title":"Geology of oil\u2010shale deposits within the Narrows Graben, Queensland, Australia","volume":"66","author":"Henstridge D. A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"AAPG Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15785-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14231"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"A new species of mekosuchine crocodilian from the middle palaeogene rundle formation, central Queensland","volume":"50","author":"Holt T. R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Queensland Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/bly118"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12660"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-1313.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2307\/1444994","article-title":"Age determination of living Nile crocodiles from the cortical stratification of bone","volume":"1986","author":"Hutton J. M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Wildlife management: Crocodiles and alligators","author":"Joanen T.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25577"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1349-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520273528.003.0004","volume-title":"Bone histology of fossil Tetrapods","author":"Lamm E.\u2010T.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2011.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12419"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2002)002[0632:NEMCFV]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"New extinct mekosuchine crocodile from Vanuatu, South Pacific","volume":"2002","author":"Mead J. I.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3853\/j.0067-1975.33.1981.198","article-title":"Pleistocene ziphodont crocodilians of Queensland","volume":"33","author":"Molnar R. E.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Records of the Australian Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2002)022[0612:AEPEMC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An extinct Pleistocene endemic mekosuchine crocodylian from Fiji","volume":"22","author":"Molnar R. E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1643\/cg-19-240"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298957"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21687"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03115518.2016.1224441"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12066"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12094"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13732"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlag065"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03115518.2023.2201319"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/03115519608619189","article-title":"A new crocodylian from the Early Eocene of south\u2010eastern Queensland and a preliminary investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids","volume":"20","author":"Salisbury S. W.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcheringa"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25455"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.24199\/j.mmv.2016.74.20","article-title":"A revised faunal list and geological setting for Bullock Creek, a Camfieldian site from the Northern Territory of Australia","volume":"74","author":"Schwartz L. R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Memoirs of Museum Victoria"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2023.111855"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18261\/let.57.4.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1577"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9349"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3501"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"New crocodilians from the late Oligocene White Hunter Site, Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland","volume":"41","author":"Willis P.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Queensland Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"Baru darrowi gen. et sp. nov., a large, broad\u2010snouted crocodyline (Eusuchia: Crocodylidae) from mid\u2010Tertiary freshwater limestones in northern Australia","volume":"29","author":"Willis P.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Memoirs\u2010Queensland Museum"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"An early Eocene crocodilian from Murgon, southeastern Queensland","volume":"3","author":"Willis P. M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kaupia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3458"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.1523"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70341","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.70341","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.70341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:44:54Z","timestamp":1788587094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.70341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.70341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.70341","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ar.70341"}}