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This study compares cervical vertebrae across five plunge\u2010diving species and two non\u2010plunge\u2010diving species, using morphometric analysis of micro\u2010CT scans to test whether diving birds share specialized cervical vertebrae morphologies distinct from non\u2010divers. Plunge\u2010divers repeatedly experience extreme impact forces during headfirst water entry, requiring the neck to function as a shock\u2010absorbing spring rather than a flexible manipulative system. To withstand these forces, plunge\u2010divers exhibit reinforced cervical vertebrae\u2014short, wide vertebrae with expanded joints and thickened arches. These features help distribute compressive and bending loads and reduce stress on the spinal column during impact. Gannets and boobies, the most extreme plunge divers, have an additional articulating surface on the dorsal arch of their anterior cervical vertebrae which limits flexion in the beginning of the neck further reinforcing against high loads. Additionally, we see that all plunge\u2010diving sulids experience similar water impact durations and that the ratio between the radius of the head and the neck scales with impact velocity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:00:17Z","timestamp":1791824417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphological adaptations of cervical vertebrae in plunge\u2010diving sulids"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2326-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan L.","family":"Vandenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington  Friday Harbor Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of California, Riverside  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Michael","family":"Racy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam P.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington  Friday Harbor Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ed","family":"Habtour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-4506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington  Friday Harbor Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2023.820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.121655"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/118.2.529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25446"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/05-088.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608628113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"On the origin of species","author":"Darwin C.","year":"1859"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2013.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2013.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps268265"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","article-title":"Mechanical basis of bone strength: Influence of bone material, bone structure and muscle action","volume":"17","author":"Hart N. 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