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Otters inhabit a wide variety of environments, ranging from terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems to the exclusively aquatic habitat of the sea otter (\n                    <jats:italic>Enhydra lutris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). For this reason, otters provide interesting insights on the evolution of adaptations to aquatic lifestyle in living mammals. The taxonomic identification of the material housed at the Naturhistorisches Museum of Basel allowed us to identify abundant and undescribed postcranial material attributable to\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrrhenolutra<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including well\u2010preserved ulna, radius, and calcaneus.\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrrhenolutra helbingi<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a poorly known Tortonian otter, described on some dental remains from the Baccinello mines and a few other localities. This study employs three\u2010dimensional (3D) landmark\u2010based geometric morphometrics to quantify the relative influences of phylogeny, allometry, and locomotor performance on the fore\u2010 and hindlimb morphology of\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrrhenolutra<\/jats:italic>\n                    in comparison to a dataset of 32 different species of extant Musteloidea. Our results reveal morphological affinities with semiaquatic mustelids and, to a lesser extent, semifossorial taxa. The forelimb morphology suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrrhenolutra<\/jats:italic>\n                    possessed advanced swimming capabilities, being capable of rapid aquatic maneuvering, aligning with modern piscivorous species. Conversely, the hind limb of\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrrhenolutra<\/jats:italic>\n                    retains a more basal morphology, suggesting a lack of the specialized aquatic propulsion seen in extant lutrines. This different specialization between forelimb and hindlimb observed in\n                    <jats:italic>Tyrrhenolutra<\/jats:italic>\n                    but also in other Neogene otters suggests that the transition to an aquatic lifestyle in early otters occurred through a mosaic pattern, with distinct traits originating independently at different times.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.70373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:13:06Z","timestamp":1792807986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mosaic postcranial evolution and aquatic adaptation in the Miocene otter\n                    <i>Tyrrhenolutra<\/i>\n                    : Insights from morpho\u2010functional analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Faggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1326-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Meli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7117-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuele","family":"Frosali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab University of Florence  Florence Italy"},{"name":"Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"Bartolini\u2010Lucenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab University of Florence  Florence Italy"},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP\u2010CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA\u2010ICP  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0404-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel J.","family":"Salesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Paleobiolog\u00eda Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales\u2010CSIC  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Valladolid  Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Department, Paleo[Fab]Lab University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1941"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syad070"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25669"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Macromam\u00edferos Ne\u00f3genos de la fosa de Alfambra\u2010Teruel","author":"Alcal\u00e1 L.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4687(200101)247:1<51::AID-JMOR1003>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Functional\u2010adaptive anatomy of the forelimb in the didelphidae, and the paleobiology of the paleocene marsupials Mayulestes ferox and Pucadelphys andinus","volume":"247","author":"Argot C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"Artec3D. 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