{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:47:41Z","timestamp":1787586461611,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,3]],"date-time":"2003-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anat. Rec."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The electric organ of skates is a paired structure within the tail consisting of two longitudinal columns of electrocytes contained within the lateral musculature on each side of the vertebral column. The electrocytes develop from hypaxial skeletal muscle fibers, and, depending upon the species, are generally classified as either cup\u2010shaped or disc\u2010shaped. The disc\u2010shaped electrocytes are considered to be the more derived type. Regardless of the morphology of the electrocyte, the electric organ discharge of all skates is characterized as a weak asynchronous and long\u2010lasting signal. Although recent behavioral investigations have revealed a communicative function for the electric organ, details as to which specific behaviors utilize this motor system remain uncertain. The electric organ is innervated by segmental motor nerves that branch from the ventral root of caudal spinal nerves at all levels of the electric organ. The cells of origin of the electromotor nerves, or electromotoneurons (EMNs), are large multipolar neurons with extensive dendrites located within the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord. The EMNs are uniformly distributed among the somatic motoneurons at levels corresponding to the rostrocaudal extent of the electric organ, and therefore do not form a discrete nucleus. The medullary command nucleus is comprised of neurons located within the nucleus raphe magnus, and forms a descending spinal pathway to the EMNs. Anat Rec Part A 273A:648\u2013662, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,10]],"date-time":"2003-06-10T06:09:30Z","timestamp":1055225370000},"page":"648-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Anatomy and motor pathways of the electric organ of skates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"273A","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Koester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"Localisation du centre r\u00e9flexe de la d\u00e9charge \u00e9lectrique chez le Raie","volume":"149","author":"Albe\u2010Fessard D","year":"1955","journal-title":"C R Seances Soc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"500","article-title":"About the localization of the spinal electromotoneurons in the skate, R. clavata","volume":"297","author":"Baron VD","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dokl Acad Sci USSR"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90499-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Electroreception","author":"Bass AH","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Electroreception","author":"Bell CC","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"The morphology of the nerve collectors","volume":"8","author":"Beloborodova ON","year":"1928","journal-title":"Russian Zool J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1961.tb35555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1967.30.2.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"The central nervous system and fish behavior","author":"Bennett MVL","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.32.030170.002351"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","series-title":"Fish physiology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(08)60051-5","author":"Bennett MVL","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"588","volume-title":"Fishes of the western North Atlantic. 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