{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T04:09:34Z","timestamp":1758946174963},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,6]],"date-time":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1223251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Insect Biochem Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The plasma enzyme phenoloxidase plays an important role in host resistance against viral, bacterial, fungal, filarial, and parasitoid challenge. Two <jats:italic>Heliothis virescens<\/jats:italic> prophenoloxidase transcripts, HvPPO\u20101 and HvPPO\u20102, were assembled from ESTs derived from a hemocyte cDNA library. The 2,363\u2010bp HvPPO\u20101 contig encoded a 696\u2013amino acid protein. The 3,255\u2010bp HvPPO\u20102 contig encoded a 684\u2013amino acid protein. Hemocyte and fat body transcript levels of HvPPO\u20101 were slightly elevated by bacterial infection in 5th instar larvae; however, HvPPO\u20102 expression was not significantly elevated above controls by bacterial infection. <jats:italic>Per os<\/jats:italic> infection of 4th instar larvae with the baculovirus <jats:italic>Helicoverpa zea<\/jats:italic> SNPV (HzSNPV) had a mild but significant suppressive effect upon fat body and hemocytic HvPPO\u20101 expression when compared to expression in same\u2010aged controls. HvPPO\u20102 expression levels in fat bodies and hemocytes from 4th instar larvae was not significantly altered by HzSNPV infection. HzSNPV infection of 5th instar larvae caused no significant alteration of HvPPO\u20101 or of HvPPO\u20102 expression in either fat bodies or hemocytes. Thus, even though prophenoloxidase subunits are constitutively expressed at high levels in larval <jats:italic>H. virescens<\/jats:italic> hemocytes and fat bodies, the subunit HvPPO\u20101 is differentially regulated by bacterial and baculoviral infection. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 69:127\u2010142, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.20274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,6]],"date-time":"2008-10-06T14:13:20Z","timestamp":1223302400000},"page":"127-142","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cloning and characterization of the secreted hemocytic prophenoloxidases of <i>Heliothis virescens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Kent S.","family":"Shelby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly J. 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