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Specimens from the latter two are difficult to obtain, hence, we have focused our research into the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) peptide family on the former two suborders. Data on the Adephaga were concluded in 2017. The \u201ccore Polyphaga\u201d consists of three series: Elateriformia, Staphyliniformia, and Cucujiformia; the latter was concluded in 2019. Here, we report on the AKH sequence(s) of 23 species of beetles from 4 families of Elateriformia, namely, the Buprestidae, Cantharidae, Elateridae, and Lampyridae; and 4 families of Staphyliniformia, namely, the Hydrophilidae, Silphidae, Lucanidae, and Scarabaeidae. Sequence elucidation by mass spectrometry or Edman degradation revealed 13 octapeptides: 5 are novel, 12 are beetle\u2010specific and Schgr\u2010AKH\u2010II is produced in the basal Polyphaga (Elateriformia, in Hydrophilididae and Silphidae). Since Schgr\u2010AKH\u2010II is also found in Adephaga, this confirms the ancestral AKH of Coleoptera. The first change in sequence is recorded in Staphylinoidea with two different residues, notably, the switch from Phe<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> to Tyr<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>. Duplication of AKH peptides is first seen in Lucanidae, as well as the appearance of atypical AKH sequences, such as Phe<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, Met<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>, Leu<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>, or Phe<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> encountered in the Scarabaeoidea. The vast majority of the pest beetles do not have beetle\u2010specific AKHs or share the same AKH as nonharmful beetles. Ideas for finding a lead compound for green insecticides are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T09:20:42Z","timestamp":1742721642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structural Diversity of Adipokinetic Hormones in the Coleopteran Suborder Polyphaga (Excluding Cucujiformia)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"G\u00e4de","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IZKFCore Unit Proteomics University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3000-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather G.","family":"Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2020.103362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Primary Structure of an Adipokinetic Neuropeptide From the Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L (Coleoptera: Dynastidae)","volume":"18","author":"Ajaykumar A. 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