{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:38:48Z","timestamp":1782841128656,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Insect Biochem Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the functional role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) \u03b16 subunit in <jats:italic>Megalurothrips usitatus<\/jats:italic> and its involvement in insecticide resistance, we cloned the nAChR \u03b16 gene (<jats:italic>Mu\u03b16<\/jats:italic>) using RACE technology and analyzed its spatiotemporal expression patterns via RT\u2010qPCR. Functional studies were further conducted under spinetoram stress. The results showed that <jats:italic>Mu\u03b16<\/jats:italic> (GenBank accession: PQ441948) has a full\u2010length sequence of 1569\u2009bp, encoding 523 amino acids with four transmembrane domains (TM1\u2010TM4), six extracellular loops (Loop A\u2010F), and two N\u2010glycosylation sites (Asn100 and Asn144). Multiple sequence alignment revealed 95.53% similarity between <jats:italic>Mu\u03b16<\/jats:italic> and the \u03b16 subunit of <jats:italic>Frankliniella occidentalis<\/jats:italic> (AOT81842.1). Alternative splicing analysis identified four isoforms (3a8a\/3a8b\/3b8a\/3b8b), with 3b8a being the dominant type (58.3%). Spatiotemporal expression profiling demonstrated the highest <jats:italic>Mu\u03b16<\/jats:italic> expression in pupae and the lowest in second\u2010instar nymphs. In adults, <jats:italic>Mu\u03b16<\/jats:italic> expression in the abdomen was significantly lower than in the head and thorax. After 48\u2009h exposure to spinetoram (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.243\u2009mg\u00b7L<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\u00b9), <jats:italic>Mu\u03b16<\/jats:italic> expression was significantly upregulated to 2.05\u2010fold the control level (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). This study is the first to elucidate the molecular characteristics and expression regulation of the <jats:italic>Mu\u03b16<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>M. usitatus<\/jats:italic>. The insecticide\u2010induced upregulation suggests its potential role in target\u2010site resistance, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the mode of action of spinosyns and guiding field resistance management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T06:34:44Z","timestamp":1754894084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cloning and Preliminary Functional Studies of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor \u03b16 Subunit in <i>Megalurothrips usitatus<\/i> (Bagnall)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9813-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Likui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute China Agricultural University Sanya China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Nanfan Research Institute Hainan University Sanya China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Nanfan Research Institute Hainan University Sanya China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiuhui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Nanfan Research Institute Hainan University Sanya China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Nanfan Research Institute Hainan University Sanya China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3083-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Institute China Agricultural University Sanya China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4695-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Nanfan Research Institute Hainan University Sanya China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-12-51"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.153.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06372-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.70010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6839"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Cloning of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor \u03b16 and \u03b17 Subunit Genes in Spodoptera frugiperda and Their Responses to Spinetoram Stress","volume":"65","author":"Gao Z. 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