{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:18:33Z","timestamp":1787818713002,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Insect Biochem Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Many insects feed on plants that produce toxic secondary metabolites. The Rattlebox plant (\n                    <jats:italic>Crotalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) produces Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) that protect it from most herbivores, but some insects, including the Bella moth (\n                    <jats:italic>Utetheisa ornatrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), can metabolize, sequester, and repurpose its chemical defenses. However, organ\u2010specific responses to\n                    <jats:italic>Crotalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    secondary metabolites remain poorly understood, and current knowledge is largely derived from a few model species and isolated organ studies. This study bridges this gap by evaluating organ\u2010specific responses of the Bella moth to the Showy Rattlebox,\n                    <jats:italic>C. spectabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , through an integrative morphological, molecular, and evolutionary framework. Our results provide quantitative and qualitative characterizations of the fat body, gut, integument, Malpighian tubules, and testes of male Bella moth larvae and reveal two distinct midgut morphologies, suggesting regional specialization within the gut. Additionally, we used real\u2010time quantitative PCR to demonstrate variation of detoxification\u2010related gene expression among organs, with\n                    <jats:italic>FMO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    highly expressed in Malpighian tubules and\n                    <jats:italic>SNO<\/jats:italic>\n                    predominantly expressed in testes. We found that the genes\n                    <jats:italic>SOD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>UGT<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited significant diet\u2010dependent expression differences between larvae fed with and without secondary metabolites. Our comparative analyses across Erebidae species known to feed on PA\u2010containing host plants identified specific lineages and amino acid residues under positive selection in genes encoding\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010oxidation enzymes,\n                    <jats:italic>FMO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>SNO<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Collectively, these integrated morphological and molecular insights offer a framework of how the Bella moth larvae systematically manage\n                    <jats:italic>C. spectabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    consumption. This work highlights the critical role of larval metabolic defense and opens broader research avenues into the mechanisms driving insect specialization on toxic host plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:02:10Z","timestamp":1787205730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Organ\u2010Specific Responses to Plant Secondary Metabolites Reveal Mechanisms of Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6269-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Lopez\u2010Cacacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Ming","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Institute of Science &amp; Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Sourakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bert","family":"Foquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward L.","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digital Imaging, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Martyniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3724-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akito Y.","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003532569-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024239201198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.19065.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.050572510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16040392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1504Digital"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Tiger Moths and Woolly Bears: Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of the Arctiidae","author":"Conner W. 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