{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:18:32Z","timestamp":1787818712606,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Insect Biochem Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Both\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera litura<\/jats:italic>\n                    are highly invasive pest species that can attack agricultural crops in new areas, causing high economic damage. The survival of invasive species is highly affected by their ability to adapt to new environments as well as climate change. Rapid cold hardening (RCH) and rapid heat hardening (RHH) play important roles in ecological adaptation and survival under fluctuating temperature conditions. To compare the rates of survival, development, and reproduction between\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the effects of RCH (5\u00b0C for 12\u2009h followed by \u221210\u00b0C for 2\u2009h) and RHH (35\u00b0C for 12\u2009h followed by 41\u00b0C for 2\u2009h) treatments were determined on the 3rd or 6th instar larvae of both species. The results showed that treatments of CS (\u221210\u00b0C for 2\u2009h) and RCH conditions into the 3rd instar larvae of both\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased the survival rates at 23.2% and 24.0%, respectively. Treatments of HS (41\u00b0C for 2\u2009h) and RHH conditions into the 3rd instar larvae of both species increased the survival rates at 30.6% and 26.7%, respectively. However, similar thermal hardening conditions treated into the 6th instar larvae did not increase the survival rates in both species. Thermal stress experienced at later larval instars negatively minimized the pupal weight and subsequent reproductive parameters of both species. The findings showed that\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    had a higher thermal plasticity set off by rapid thermal hardening than\n                    <jats:italic>S. litura<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    retains the ability to enhance rapid thermal tolerance to cold winters and hot summers in the newly invaded habitats as well as climate change conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.70208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:54:01Z","timestamp":1787205241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Thermal Tolerance Between\n                    <i>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Spodoptera litura<\/i>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matabaro Joseph","family":"Malekera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Faculty of Geomatic and Environment Engineering Institut Sup\u00e9rieur P\u00e9dagogique et Technique de Kinshasa  Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6000-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwal\u2010Su","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of 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Raj","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Gorkha Seed and Agro Traders, Gorkha Agri Group Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeong\u2010Yeoll","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of 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