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Ultimately, this can severely impair joint function and impact the patient's quality of life. Current treatment approaches include disease\u2010modifying anti\u2010rheumatic drugs, non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drug, corticosteroids, and biologic therapies for RA management. The current study contributes to the ongoing advancements in RA treatment.\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010Limonene is a monocyclic monoterpene. It is present in essential oils of various aromatic plants, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Lippia alba<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Artemisia dracunculus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and in citrus fruits such as lemon and orange. It has reported anti\u2010inflammatory and anti\u2010nociceptive properties and was selected for the current study as a potential anti\u2010arthritic candidate. It was administered at three dosages (25, 50, 100\u2009mg\/kg, b.w., p.o) in Complete Freund's adjuvant\u2010induced arthritic rats over 28 days. The efficacy of the compound was compared to piroxicam, a widely used standard drug for treating RA. The anti\u2010arthritic activity of the compound was assessed by measuring arthritic scoring and plethysmometry at both baseline and post\u2010intervention stages. Additional confirmation of the investigation was sought by performing biochemical and hematological activities. Moreover, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed to determine the levels of messenger RNA expression for transcription factors such as tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB, matrix metalloproteinase\u20103, IL\u20106, and IL\u20104 in the blood. The levels of PGE2 were evaluated by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. The histopathological and radiographic studies were also carried out for further confirmation. The results of these findings supported our assertion regarding the anti\u2010arthritic potential of the compound.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202400388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T02:06:44Z","timestamp":1729908404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Therapeutic potential of\n                    <scp>d<\/scp>\n                    \u2010limonene in rheumatoid arthritis: Modulation of inflammatory, anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandin E2"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"357","author":[{"given":"Eshwa","family":"Dar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy The University of Lahore Lahore, Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Mobashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy The University of Lahore Lahore, Punjab Pakistan"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Equator University of Science and Technology Masaka Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arham","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences Lahore College for Women University Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences Lahore College for Women University Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammara","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Government College University Faisalabad  Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy The University of Lahore Lahore, Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef A.","family":"Bin Jardan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal A.","family":"Shazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Metouekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology of Compi\u00e8gne Compi\u00e8gne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3707-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bourhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorizationm Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University Agadir Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Mathers D. 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