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Their broad spectrum of biological and medicinal properties, which includes antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, anti\u2010inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory activities, has sustained continuous scientific interest. This review offers a thorough overview of the biological activities of SNs and their derivatives, with particular emphasis on their antibacterial and anticancer effects, as well as their role as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Additionally, we summarize some structure\u2013activity relationship (SAR) studies that clarify how different substituents modulate potency and selectivity. By integrating insights from recent literature, this work, which is divided into five categories (antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity, and toxicity), highlights the pharmacological relevance of SNs, their structural diversity, and their continuing potential as scaffolds for creating new antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.70180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:58:51Z","timestamp":1767938331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exploring Sulfonamides: Biological Activities and Structure\u2013Activity Relationships"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"359","author":[{"given":"Souad","family":"Zerbib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Sultan Moulay Slimane University Beni\u2010Mellal Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Cruz\u2010Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2231-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latifa","family":"Bouissane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemicals Process and Applied Materials Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty Sultan Moulay Slimane University Beni\u2010Mellal Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2011.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.11.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm500863j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.Ba\u015faran R.\u00c7akmak B.T\u00fcrkmeno\u011flu S.Akkoc andS.K\u00f6pr\u00fc \u201cSynthesis of Sulfonamide\u2010Based Schiff Bases as Potent Anticancer Agents: Spectral Analyses Biological Activity Molecular Docking ADME DFT and Pharmacophore Modelling Studies.\u201dChemistry & Biodiversity22(2025):e202402229.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202402229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm020517g"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c05674"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-025-01405-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2222833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2016.1160077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja981792o"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715249278489231128042135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Sulfonamides in the Environment as Veterinary Drugs","volume":"187","author":"Sukul P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00114-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry","author":"Beale J. 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