{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:53:02Z","timestamp":1791183182540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archiv der Pharmazie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Selective cyclooxygenase\u20102 inhibitors (COXIBs) are preferred over traditional nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) owing to their improved gastrointestinal and renal safety profile. Pyridine is one of the most important nitrogen\u2010containing heterocyclic scaffolds, and it is present in the structures of more than 7000 marketed drugs and biologically active compounds. Among these are anti\u2010inflammatory agents, including the selective cyclooxygenase\u20102 (COX\u20102) inhibitors niflumic acid and etoricoxib. This review highlights the synthetic approaches to pyridine and fused pyridine derivatives, covering 42 published studies on pyridine synthesis, and critically evaluates 40 published studies on pyridine\u2010containing scaffolds exhibiting COX\u20102 inhibitory activity. Several pyridine derivatives demonstrated potent COX\u20102 inhibitory activity, with reported IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values ranging from the nanomolar to micromolar level. Analysis of these studies revealed that 17 of the 40 studies reported compounds that exhibited superior COX\u20102 inhibitory activity than the reference drugs evaluated under the same experimental conditions. Among these 17 studies, 6 involved fused pyridine scaffolds. These findings support the pyridine scaffold as a promising platform for the development of selective COX\u20102 inhibitors. Therefore, this review provides a valuable resource for guiding the rational design and development of novel selective COX\u20102 inhibitors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.70349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:39:42Z","timestamp":1791182382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pyridine and Fused Pyridine Derivatives as Selective COX\u20102 Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Synthetic Pathways, Anti\u2010Inflammatory, and Antinociceptive Activities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"359","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7781-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Reda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo Egypt"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) 6th of October City Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled O.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo Egypt"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University (Arish Branch) Arish Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira A.","family":"Helwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) 6th of October City Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6374-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa S. 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