{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:05:09Z","timestamp":1791309909318,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,7]],"date-time":"2002-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1015459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Str 511\/5-1,2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Str 511\/5-1,2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005296","name":"University Hospital Regensburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Orton Hospital Invalid Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare levels of steroid hormones in relation to cytokines and to study levels of cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in relation to other adrenal hormones in untreated patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and reactive arthritis (ReA) compared with healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a retrospective study with 34 RA patients, 46 ReA patients, and 112 healthy subjects, we measured serum levels of interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, 17\u2010hydroxyprogesterone (17\u2010OH\u2010progesterone), androstenedione (ASD), DHEA, and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>RA patients had higher serum levels of IL\u20106, TNF, cortisol, and DHEA compared with ReA patients and healthy subjects, but no difference was noticed with respect to ACTH and DHEAS. However, in RA and ReA patients compared with healthy subjects, levels of ACTH, cortisol, ASD, DHEAS, and 17\u2010OH\u2010progesterone were markedly lower in relation to levels of IL\u20106 and TNF. Furthermore, the number of swollen joints correlated inversely with the ratio of serum cortisol to serum IL\u20106 in RA (R<jats:sub>Rank<\/jats:sub> = \u22120.582, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, in ReA (R<jats:sub>Rank<\/jats:sub> = \u22120.417, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.011). In RA patients, the mean grip strength of both hands was positively correlated with the ratio of serum cortisol to serum IL\u20106 (R<jats:sub>Rank<\/jats:sub> = 0.472, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.010). Furthermore, in these untreated patients with RA and ReA, there was a relative decrease in the secretion of 17\u2010OH\u2010progesterone, ASD, and DHEAS in relation to DHEA and cortisol. This indicates a relative predominance of the nonsulfated DHEA and cortisol in relation to all other measured adrenal steroid hormones in the early stages of these inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study indicates that levels of ACTH and cortisol are relatively low in relation to levels of IL\u20106 and TNF in untreated patients with early RA and ReA compared with healthy subjects. The study further demonstrates that there is a relative increase of DHEA and cortisol in relation to other adrenal hormones, such as DHEAS. This study emphasizes that adrenal steroid secretion is inadequately low in relation to inflammation. Although changes in hormone levels are similar in RA and ReA, alteration of steroidogenesis is more pronounced in RA patients than in ReA patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T12:00:41Z","timestamp":1033905641000},"page":"654-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Inadequately low serum levels of steroid hormones in relation to interleukin\u20106 and tumor necrosis factor in untreated patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Rainer H.","family":"Straub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Paimela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritva","family":"Peltomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Sch\u00f6lmerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjatta","family":"Leirisalo\u2010Repo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000095930"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"1508","article-title":"Hypofunction of the stress axis in Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Johnson EO","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","first-page":"911","article-title":"Altered function of the hypothalamic stress axes in patients with moderately active systemic lupus erythematosus. 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