{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:03:12Z","timestamp":1790413392337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,16]],"date-time":"2002-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1034726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) antagonists were recently licensed in the US. Infliximab was licensed in 1998 for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD), and since 1999, it has been licensed in combination with methotrexate for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Etanercept was licensed in 1998 for treatment of RA and, more recently, for juvenile RA and psoriatic arthritis. Because of potential immunosuppression related to use of anti\u2010TNF\u03b1 agents, we sought to identify postlicensure cases of opportunistic infection, including histoplasmosis, in patients treated with these products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) passive surveillance database for monitoring postlicensure adverse events was reviewed to identify all reports received through July 2001 of histoplasmosis in patients treated with either infliximab or etanercept.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten cases of <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic> (HC) infection were reported: 9 associated with infliximab and 1 associated with etanercept. In patients treated with infliximab, manifestations of histoplasmosis occurred within 1 week to 6 months after the first dose and typically included fever, malaise, cough, dyspnea, and interstitial pneumonitis. Of the 10 patients with histoplasmosis, 9 required treatment in an intensive care unit, and 1 died. All patients had received concomitant immunosuppressive medications in addition to infliximab or etanercept, and all resided in HC\u2010endemic regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postlicensure surveillance suggests that acute life\u2010threatening histoplasmosis may complicate immunotherapy with TNF\u03b1 antagonists, particularly infliximab. Histoplasmosis should be considered early in the evaluation of patients who reside in HC\u2010endemic areas in whom infectious complications develop during treatment with infliximab or etanercept.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,17]],"date-time":"2002-10-17T19:54:35Z","timestamp":1034884475000},"page":"2565-2570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":374,"title":["Life\u2010threatening histoplasmosis complicating immunotherapy with tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 antagonists infliximab and etanercept"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jong\u2010Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy R.","family":"Slifman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon K.","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyne T.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Schwieterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey N.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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