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Tissue localization of the expressed proteins was detected by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Expression of mRNA was increased for Fas (5.1\u2010fold; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), FasL (8.8\u2010fold; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), cytotoxic T lymphocyte\u2013associated antigen 4 (CTLA\u20104) (11.2\u2010fold; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), programmed cell death 1 (PD\u20101) (15.2\u2010fold; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), Ro52\u03b1 (3.0\u2010fold; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), La (2.3\u2010fold; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), and orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) (4.4\u2010fold; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) in patients compared with controls when GAPDH was used as endogenous standard in duplex runs. In single runs using 2 other endogenous standards (18S and \u03b2\u2010actin), statistically significant differences between patients and controls were confirmed for expression of Fas, FasL, CTLA\u20104, and PD\u20101, but this difference was not observed for Ro52\u03b1, La, and ORM2. Expression of Ro52\u03b2 mRNA was similar in patients and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study demonstrates a substantial increase in expression of the negative regulator molecules PD\u20101 and CTLA\u20104 and the apoptotic signal molecules Fas and FasL in patients with primary SS compared with controls, which corresponded to the immunomorphologic pattern. The results strongly indicate that these molecules have central roles in the inflammatory process in the salivary glands of patients with primary SS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,15]],"date-time":"2003-01-15T20:59:49Z","timestamp":1042664389000},"page":"174-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Increased salivary gland tissue expression of Fas, Fas ligand, cytotoxic T lymphocyte\u2013associated antigen 4, and programmed cell death 1 in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Anne Isine","family":"Bolstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans 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