{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T16:08:05Z","timestamp":1761235685478},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,4]],"date-time":"2003-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To define the cytokine profile within rheumatoid subcutaneous nodules, and to determine whether the destructive inflammatory process in this lesion displays features of a lymphocyte\u2010driven Th1 or Th2 granuloma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subcutaneous nodules excised from 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined. Transcripts for interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2) IL\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u201010, IL\u201012, IL\u201013, IL\u201015, IL\u201018, and for tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) and interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) were detected by reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction of extracted RNA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine of 10 nodules contained transcripts for IFN\u03b3. We observed no evidence for the expression of IL\u20102, IL\u20104, or IL\u20105 among the lymphokine genes analyzed. Transcripts for TNF\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u201010, IL\u201015, and IL\u201018 were present in all 10 nodules. Transcripts for IL\u201012 were present in all but one nodule. Expression of IL\u201013 messenger RNA was observed in only 5 nodules.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cytokine profile within the rheumatoid nodule (i.e., presence of IFN\u03b3 but not IL\u20102, and prominent expression of IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u03b1 together with IL\u201012, IL\u201018, IL\u201015, and IL\u201010) is similar to the profile of cytokines in the synovial lesion of rheumatoid arthritis, which is generally accepted as being attributable to a Th1\u2010mediated inflammatory mechanism. Our results suggest that damage to affected synovial membrane or subcutaneous tissue is caused by the same inflammatory mechanisms, and that the nodule is a Th1 granuloma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,7]],"date-time":"2003-02-07T07:09:02Z","timestamp":1044601742000},"page":"334-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Cytokine profile of the rheumatoid nodule suggests that it is a Th1 granuloma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Hessian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Highton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annabel","family":"Kean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheuk Kwan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"475","article-title":"Vascularity of the early subcutaneous nodule of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"55","author":"Sokoloff L","year":"1953","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330601"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300702"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1783::AID-ART10>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Phenotypic markers of lymphocyte and mononuclear phagocyte activation within rheumatoid nodules","volume":"17","author":"Highton J","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","first-page":"339","article-title":"Cells expressing dendritic cell markers are present in the rheumatoid nodule","volume":"27","author":"Highton J","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91107-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2000.00933.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200001000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01551-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rheumatology.a031491"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200005000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"1685","article-title":"Dominant T cell receptor rearrangements in interleukin 2 expanded lymphocytes from rheumatoid nodules suggest antigen driven T cell activation in situ","volume":"24","author":"De Keyser F","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","first-page":"201","article-title":"Broadening of the T cell receptor spectrum among rheumatoid arthritis synovial cell\u2010lines in relation to disease duration","volume":"18","author":"Elewaut D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01648-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200107)44:7<1481::AID-ART268>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0297-189"}],"container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/art.10776","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T17:13:21Z","timestamp":1697044401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/art.10776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/art.10776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.10776","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-3591","1529-0131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-3591","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-0131","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}}}