{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:24:29Z","timestamp":1790209469409,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,4]],"date-time":"2003-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the clinical course and optimum treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013associated myositis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010four patients attending a county outpatient HIV\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome facility were referred for the presence of elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels or muscle weakness. Patients underwent neurologic and rheumatologic evaluation, electromyography, and muscle biopsy after exclusion for recreational drug or alcohol use, metabolic\/endocrine disorders, zidovudine therapy, and other infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen patients (20%) had biopsy\u2010proven myositis. The median duration of HIV infection prior to diagnosis of myositis was 4.3 years (range 0\u201311 years). Six patients had concomitant diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome. There was no correlation of severity of weakness, stage of HIV infection, or retroviral treatment with the CK level at diagnosis. Eight patients received prednisone (60 mg\/day) with 5 attaining complete resolution of myositis. The remaining 3 patients received immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine or methotrexate and intravenous immunoglobulin) and had normalization of strength and CK. Four patients had spontaneous resolution of their myositis without treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV\u2010associated myositis occurs at any stage of HIV infection, has a relatively good prognosis, responds well to immunosuppressive therapy, and has little evidence of adverse outcome on the HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,7]],"date-time":"2003-04-07T15:02:28Z","timestamp":1049727748000},"page":"172-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Human immunodeficiency virus\u2013associated polymyositis: A longitudinal study of outcome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Randall W.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salahuddin","family":"Kazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen M.","family":"Dimachkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Reveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2000.16527"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_Part_1.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520290125026"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/108729100750018308"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712173172511"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.2.529"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.6.568"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320409"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004193221602"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(89)90478-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803173181113"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection\u2010associated dermatomyositis","volume":"16","author":"Gresh JP","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.6.1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290505"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240114"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60126-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029800169526"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780320418"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"41","author":"Castro KG","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00323-9","article-title":"Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome: a disorder occurring in human immunodeficiency virus\u20101 infection that may present as a sicca syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Itescu S","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90023-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880130607"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","first-page":"369","article-title":"In situ detection of polymerase chain reaction\u2010amplified HIV\u20101 nucleic acids in skeletal muscle in patients with myopathy","volume":"7","author":"Seidman R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199210000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502132920706"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.971"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; 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