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Sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays detected only 0.40 \u00b1 0.20 units\/ml of \u03b3\u2010IFN in the SF of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 0.61 \u00b1 0.67 units\/ml of \u03b3\u2010IFN in the SF of patients with other forms of chronic inflammatory arthritis. There was no detectable \u03b1\u2010IFN in any SF studied by radioimmumoassay. Bioassays failed to detect nonimmunoreactive IFN. Synovial tissue (ST) explants produced very little \u03b3\u2010IFN (0.14 \u00b1 0.091 units\/ml), and production was not increased by the presence of indomethacin in the cultures or by removal of adherent cells. However, \u03b3\u2010IFN was produced if ST was cultivated in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. In SF and ST supernatants, \u03b3\u2010IFN\u2010mediated induction of HLA\u2013DR on monocytes was inhibited, even though the amount of immunoreactive IFN was not affected. Prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was shown to be one possible inhibitor. We demonstrated that a factor that induces HLA\u2013DR on some individuals' peripheral blood monocytes, and cannot be neutralized by monoclonal anti\u2013\u03b3\u2010IFN antibody, is present in SF and ST supernatants. These data suggest that activation of SFM may occur by mechanisms other than \u03b3\u2010IFN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,14]],"date-time":"2007-02-14T22:02:16Z","timestamp":1171490536000},"page":"864-871","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Peripheral blood and synovial fluid monocyte activation in inflammatory arthritis. ii. low levels of synovial fluid and synovial tissue interferon suggest that \u03b3gm\u2010interferon is not the primary macrophage activating factor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Gary S.","family":"Firestein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Zvaifler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(87)90036-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"1958 revision of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Ropes MW","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull Rheum Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-57-1-233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"32S","article-title":"Light scatter is an adjunct to cellular immunofluorescence in flow cytometric systems","volume":"2","author":"Hensen WP","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol (suppl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.157.1.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Interferon in rheumatoid arthritis, Biologically Based Immunomodulators in the Therapy of Rheumatic Disease","author":"Firestein GS","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(85)90080-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"647","article-title":"Interferon in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatic disease","volume":"10","author":"Cesario TC","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.42.6.672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270517"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780280212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"947","article-title":"The absence of gamma\u2010interferon and the presence of high levels of inflammatory mediators in the supernatants of rheumatoid arthritis synovial explants (abstract)","volume":"42","author":"Chin R","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780241106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.3.1230","article-title":"Activated T cells in vivo and in vitro: divergence in expression of the Tac and Ia antigens in the nonblastoid small T cells of inflammation and normal T cells activated in vitro","volume":"133","author":"Burmester GR","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"673","article-title":"Mononuclear phagocytes of normal and rheumatoid synovial membrane identified by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"56","author":"Hogg N","year":"1985","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.41.3.282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1983.tb00767.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Monocyte is the main producer of human leukocyte alpha interferons following Sendai virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Saksela E","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog Med Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.161.3.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780260102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.2.768","article-title":"Analysis of the defects responsible for the impaired regulation of EBV\u2010induced B cell proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis lymphocytes. 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