{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:58:34Z","timestamp":1790686714088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5670,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report on a case\u2010control study investigating the relationship of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use and parity to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Women with RA were compared with 2 separate control groups, women with osteoarthritis (OA) and women randomly selected from a population\u2010based electoral register. Nulliparity was found to be a risk factor for the development of RA, with age\u2010adjusted odds ratios of 1.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09\u20103.03) versus the OA control group and 1.83 (95% CI 1.03\u20133.06) versus the population control group. Use of OCPs before the age of 35 was negatively associated with RA (odds ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.29\u20131.12 versus the OA control group; odds ratio 0.6, 95% CI 0.30\u20131.17 versus the population control group). Some evidence of a duration\u2010response effect was seen, although the numbers were small. The 2 variables were also multiplicative, with nulliparous non\u2010OCP users having a 4\u2010fold risk of RA compared with parous OCP users. These findings suggest that pregnancy and OCP use have a \u201cprotective effect\u201d on the development of RA, although the mechanism remains unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,14]],"date-time":"2007-02-14T23:27:36Z","timestamp":1171495656000},"page":"782-789","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["The pill, parity, and rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Tim D.","family":"Spector","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Silman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112878","article-title":"The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota: a study of its incidence, prevalence and mortality.","volume":"111","author":"Linos A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"9226","article-title":"The effect of pregnancy on rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"27","author":"Persellin RH","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull Rheum Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.42.4.425"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"RA in US adults, Population Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases","author":"Engel A","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Rheumatism in Populations","author":"Lawrence JS","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"569","article-title":"Reduction in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis associated with oral contraceptives.","author":"Wingrave SJ","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90809-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748409100377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370100093024","article-title":"Noncontraceptive hormones and rheumatoid arthritis in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.","volume":"255","author":"Vandenbroucke JP","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92413-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.254.14.1938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(86)90086-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"1958 revision of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"9","author":"Ropes MW","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull Rheum Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.12.979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"273","article-title":"Accuracy of recall of histories of oral contraceptive use.","volume":"28","author":"Glass R","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112529"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/12.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112913","article-title":"Alternative data sources and discrepant results in case\u2010control studies of oestrogens and endometrial cancer.","volume":"111","author":"Horwitz RI","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.40.3.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":".UK National Case Control Study Group: Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk in young women. Lancet I:973\u2013982 1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92627-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Royal College of General Practitioners, Manchester Research Unit: New oral contraceptive study: pilot trial report.","volume":"36","year":"1986","journal-title":"J R Coll Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.17.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.24.2.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(87)90082-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"S36","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormone use and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (abstract).","volume":"31","author":"Hernandez\u2010Avila M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90121-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/XXVIII.suppl_1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","unstructured":".SilmanAJ VandenbrouckeJP editors: Female Sex Hormones and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Proceedings of an International Workshop Leiden The Netherlands March 20\u201321 1989. 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