{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:06:07Z","timestamp":1791360367330,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cellular immune response to <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> was studied in 24 patients with seropositive and seronegative Lyme borreliosis, 30 patients with arthritides of different origin (non\u2010Lyme arthritides), and 20 normal blood donors. By far, the strongest T cell stimulation was induced by incubation with autologous serum; there was a significantly lower response or no response after incubation with allogeneic or heterologous sera. In patients with Lyme borreliosis, including seronegative patients, there was a strikingly elevated proliferation in response to whole <jats:italic>B burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> bacteria (mean 64,750 dpm) compared with that of normal donors (mean 19,700 dpm; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) and especially that of non\u2010Lyme arthritis patients (mean 11,600 dpm; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.0001). Levels of proliferation declined significantly in patients with Lyme borreliosis after successful antibiotic treatment. Parallel cultures using <jats:italic>B burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Treponema phagedenis<\/jats:italic> as antigens showed that cells from patients with Lyme borreliosis responded significantly more to <jats:italic>B burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> than to <jats:italic>T phagedenis<\/jats:italic>, but this did not occur with cells from individuals with non\u2010Lyme arthritides. There was no correlation between disease stages and proliferation values. These data indicate that lymphocyte proliferation assays may provide an important tool for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis, most notably in patients with arthritides and in those who are seronegative. Conversely, the lack of reactivity appears to be a strong indicator of the absence of active Lyme disease. It seems to be crucial, howeveer, to use autologous sera in these assays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,14]],"date-time":"2007-02-14T23:43:17Z","timestamp":1171496597000},"page":"393-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["T cell proliferation induced by <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i> in patients with lyme borreliosis. Autologous serum required for optimum stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Krause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim R.","family":"Kalden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd R.","family":"Burmester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Brade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schoerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Solbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303313081301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"European Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticks: culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility","volume":"263","author":"Preac\u2010Mursic V","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01711648"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90185-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.2.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748809096784"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112683"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"549","article-title":"Immunochemical analysis of the immune response in late manifestations of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"267","author":"Wilske B","year":"1988","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.2.338-346.1988","article-title":"Measurement of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi flagellum improves serodiagnosis in Lyme disease","volume":"26","author":"Hansen K","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Serodiagnostik bei Lyme\u2010Borreliose: Antik\u00f6rpertiter und \u2010spezifit\u00e4t im IFT und Western\u2010Blot","volume":"6","author":"Grellner W","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immun Infekt"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.8.2047-2053.1988","article-title":"Immunochemical characterization of and isolation of the gene for a Borrelia burgdorferi immunodominant 60\u2010kilodalton antigen common to a wide range of bacteria","volume":"56","author":"Hansen K","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290609"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780320902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812013192203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-6724(86)80118-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.4.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90606-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.11.1642"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00197306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(89)90106-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"S45","article-title":"Positive lymphocyte proliferation to Borrelia in Lyme disease\u2014a cautionary note (abstract)","volume":"32","author":"Zoschke D","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.4.790"}],"container-title":["Arthritis &amp; 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