{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T10:49:20Z","timestamp":1770720560394,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4482,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> To compare the B cell repertoire of normal individuals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, specifically, to identify precursor B cells with the potential to secrete rheumatoid factor (RF) and to understand the T helper cell requirements for the production of this autoantibody.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic> Frequencies of precursors of IgM, IgG, and RF\u2010producing B cells were measured in a limiting\u2010dilution system. Two distinct sources of T cell help were compared. T cell help was provided by anti\u2010CD3\u2013activated CD4+ human T cell clones, or T cell\u2013B cell interaction was facilitated by the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic> A subset of 2\u201314% of peripheral blood B cells secreted IgM and IgG in SED\u2010driven cultures. The SED\u2010responsive B cell subpopulation was present at 10 times higher frequency in normal donors compared with RA patients. However, the repertoires were very similar, particularly for RF+ precursors, which represented approximately one\u2010third of all SED\u2010responsive B cells. In normal individuals, most of these RF+ precursor B cells did not respond to anti\u2010CD3\u2013activated T helper cells, with only a very small fraction of B cells activated by anti\u2010CD3\u2013driven helper cells maturing into RF\u2010secreting B cells (from 1 of 182 to 1 of 889 IgM\u2010producing B cells). This subset was expanded approximately 50\u2010fold in RA patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic> Normal subjects and RA patients share a pool of B cells which secrete RF when activated in the presence of SED and T helper cells. These B cells are frequent and obviously anergic in normal individuals. The B cell subset with the potential to produce RF when help is provided in noncognate T\u2013B interaction (anti\u2010CD3\u2013driven T cells) is considerably expanded in RA patients, probably reflecting an increased responsiveness of such B cells to helper signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,15]],"date-time":"2007-02-15T01:08:49Z","timestamp":1171501729000},"page":"1061-1069","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The repertoire of rheumatoid factor\u2013producing b cells in normal subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg J.","family":"Goronzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia 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