{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T02:20:30Z","timestamp":1770430830158,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,6]],"date-time":"2004-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB\u20101) is an endogenous nuclear protein that can be translocated to the cytoplasm and then released extracellularly. It can induce tumor necrosis factor and interleukin\u20101 production in myeloid cells. Increased expression of these 2 cytokines has been observed in muscle tissue of patients with polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM). The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate how HMGB\u20101 is expressed in muscle tissue of patients with myositis and, if so, whether such expression is modulated by prednisolone therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle biopsy specimens from 5 patients with PM and 4 patients with DM, obtained before and 3\u20136 months after initiation of prednisolone therapy, were assessed by conventional microscopic evaluation and computerized image analysis, and HMGB\u20101 expression was investigated by immunohistochemical staining. Muscle biopsy specimens from 7 healthy controls were also studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cytoplasmic HMGB\u20101 expression was detected in infiltrating rounded mononuclear cells, vascular endothelial cells, and muscle fibers of PM and DM patients. Extracellular staining surrounding the inflammatory cells was also observed. After treatment with high\u2010dose prednisolone, cytoplasmic and extracellular HMGB\u20101 expression was significantly reduced, coinciding mainly with a decreased number of infiltrating inflammatory cells. Cytoplasmic HMGB\u20101 expression was still evident in endothelial cells and muscle fibers. No HMGB\u20101 expression was observed in muscle tissue from healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cytoplasmic and extracellular distribution of HMGB\u20101 in muscle tissue may indicate an important role of this proinflammatory molecule in the pathogenesis of PM and DM. Furthermore, our findings indicate that systemically administered high\u2010dose corticosteroids selectively down\u2010regulate aberrant expression of HMGB\u20101 in mononuclear inflammatory cells in vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,6]],"date-time":"2004-05-06T20:03:19Z","timestamp":1083873799000},"page":"1586-1594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Down\u2010regulation of the aberrant expression of the inflammation mediator high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in muscle tissue of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis treated with 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