{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T03:14:53Z","timestamp":1782184493167,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]],"date-time":"2004-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hensel-Stiftung of the University of Kiel"},{"name":"SFB 617"},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01-AR-45378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AR-45378"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01-AG-22021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AG-22021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Defensins are broad\u2010spectrum antimicrobial peptides that are components of innate immunity. To date, only epithelial surfaces and blood cells have been shown to produce these cationic peptides in bactericidal concentrations when challenged with microorganisms or inflammatory cytokines. Infections caused by gram\u2010negative pathogens occur only infrequently in association with joint surgery. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether this may be explained by intraarticular production of gram\u2010negative\u2013specialized antimicrobial peptides.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy articular cartilage and cultured T\/C\u201028a2 chondrocytes were assessed, by reverse transcriptase\u2013polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) and immunohistochemistry, for expression of various antimicrobial peptides. The expression of human \u03b2\u2010defensin 2 (HBD\u20102) was studied in cultured chondrocytes after exposure to bacterial supernatants and proinflammatory cytokines and was assayed by real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR and immunoblot analysis. A septic arthritis mouse model was used to investigate the regulation of the murine homolog of HBD\u20102 in articular cartilage after bacterial inoculation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy articular cartilage and T\/C\u201028a2 chondrocytes were able to produce different antimicrobial peptides. After exposure to gram\u2010negative bacteria and proinflammatory cytokines, expression of cartilage\u2010derived HBD\u20102 strongly increased. Immunoblot analysis revealed up\u2010regulation of the gram\u2010negative\u2013specialized HBD\u20102 in microbicidal doses. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed induction of the murine homolog of HBD\u20102 in vivo after intraarticular injection of bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrated a previously unrecognized function of human chondrocytes. In addition to its biomechanical properties, articular cartilage has the ability to produce antimicrobial substances when challenged with microorganisms. The expression of HBD\u20102 in microbicidal doses suggests that antimicrobial peptides may contribute to host defense mechanisms in articular joints.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,12]],"date-time":"2004-11-12T21:29:09Z","timestamp":1100294949000},"page":"3526-3534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Production of endogenous antibiotics in articular 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