{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:21:37Z","timestamp":1767824497822,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]],"date-time":"2005-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of multiple autoantibodies. Anti\u2010DNA antibodies are associated with glomerulonephritis in SLE. It has been shown that anti\u2010DNA antibodies cross\u2010react with bacterial polysaccharide and, thus, might be elicited by microbial exposure. Non\u2013DNA\u2010binding antibodies also contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. The goal of this study was to characterize non\u2013DNA\u2010binding, kidney\u2010binding antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We generated a combinatorial library derived from spleen cells of a patient with SLE who had just previously received pneumococcal vaccine. The phage library was used in an in vivo biopanning technique to identify non\u2013DNA\u2010binding, kidney\u2010binding antibodies. Antibodies were then analyzed for binding to bacterial polysaccharide and to renal antigens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight antibodies were characterized that bound glomeruli, but not DNA. All antibodies isolated by this protocol were IgG class, suggesting that there is affinity maturation for glomerular binding. Four of the antibodies cross\u2010reacted with pneumococcal polysaccharide. Six of the antibodies bound to renal antigens that have previously been reported to be cross\u2010reactive with DNA; the other 2 bound to histone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests that both DNA\u2010binding and non\u2013DNA\u2010binding antibodies in SLE may be elicited by the same bacterial antigens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]],"date-time":"2005-07-28T19:17:41Z","timestamp":1122578261000},"page":"2403-2410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Autoantibodies that bind glomeruli: Cross\u2010reactivity with bacterial antigen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Iftikhar A.","family":"Chowdhry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Czeslawa","family":"Kowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.36.2.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108626"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450506"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08830188909086988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.5.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.1.350","article-title":"Failed 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