{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:31:42Z","timestamp":1786977102989,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the changing clinical spectrum of patients with diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), and to carry out HLA class II oligotyping in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective chart review of patients with DILS who were referred to an outpatient facility for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013positive individuals between 1994 and 2003 was performed. DILS was diagnosed as suggested by previous criteria. Demographic features and relevant clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data were recorded and results analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 129 patients with DILS were identified. Of them, 56 (43%) were African American, 41 (32%) were white, and 32 (25%) were Hispanic. Parotid gland swelling appeared to be the sine qua non of DILS. Twenty\u2010seven percent of patients had opportunistic infections. The status of 103 patients was available as of December 2003: 26 (25%) had died, of which only 6 (6%) succumbed to opportunistic infections. The prevalence of DILS had significantly decreased in the post\u2010HAART era (1998 onwards) compared with that of the pre\u2010HAART period (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.000001). The prevalence of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis had also dropped significantly following introduction of HAART therapy (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015). A higher frequency of certain HLA class II alleles (DRB1) was found in African Americans with DILS compared with those with HIV without DILS (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemiology, clinical presentation, and certain extraglandular manifestations of DILS have changed, concomitant with the introduction of HAART, further suggesting that DILS is an antigen (viral)\u2010driven response and the primary treatment for it is anti\u2010HIV therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T20:23:27Z","timestamp":1149107007000},"page":"466-472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Changing spectrum of the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Dhiman","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul W.","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Reveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-1-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92085-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199805)41:5<863::AID-ART13>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00323-9","article-title":"Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome: a disorder occurring in human immunodeficiency virus\u20101 infection that may present as sicca syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Itescu S","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199604000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"41","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.184.3.1509064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11472"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.6.691"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-1773-COSDIL"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Evidence for possible retroviral involvement in autoimmune diseases","volume":"69","author":"Talal N","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06875.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201470"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:3<578::AID-ANR26>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199911000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000143684.22362.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01521-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000157397.30055.c9"}],"container-title":["Arthritis Care &amp; 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